Water Vapor Measurement: Methods and Instrumentation,9780824793197

Water Vapor Measurement: Methods and Instrumentation

by ;
Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9780824793197
ISBN10: 0824793196
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1997-04-11
Publisher(s): CRC Press
List Price: $265.00

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Summary

Offering all aspects of humidity measurement and instrumentation, this work includes rudiments and theory, common applications, advantages and limitations of frequently-used sensors and techniques, and guidelines for installation, maintenance and calibration. The disk is intended for easy conversions of humidity parameters and units.

Table of Contents

Preface iii(10)
List of Figures
xiii(4)
List of Tables
xvii
1. Introduction
1(6)
I. What Is Humidity?
1(1)
II. Importance of Humidity
2(1)
III. Units Used
3(1)
IV. Historical Background
3(2)
V. Water Vapor and Moisture Measurement
5(2)
2. Definitions and Fundamentals
7(20)
I. Temperature, Pressure, Humidity and Gases
7(7)
A. Temperature
7(1)
B. Pressure
8(2)
C. Gases
10(3)
D. Humidity
13(1)
II. Definitions and Fundamental Relationships
14(10)
A. Symbols
14(1)
B. Generally Used Humidity Terms
14(1)
C. Vapor Pressure
15(2)
D. Mixing Ratio
17(1)
E. Latent Heat
17(1)
F. Percent Saturation
17(1)
G. Humidity Parameters
18(3)
H. Pressure Effects and Dew Point Measurements
21(2)
I. Pressure Units
23(1)
III. Psychrometric Chart
24(3)
3. Chilled Mirror Hygrometers
27(42)
I. Introduction
27(1)
II. Conventional Chilled Mirror Hygrometer
28(8)
A. Sensitivity to Contaminants
29(1)
B. Self-Standardization of Chilled Mirror Hygrometers
29(7)
III. Cycling Chilled Mirror Dew Point Hygrometer (CCM)
36(7)
A. Mirror Cycling
36(2)
B. CCM Sensor
38(1)
C. Dew Point/Frost Point Conversion
38(1)
D. Maintenance Requirements
39(1)
E. Benefits of the CCM Hygrometer
40(1)
F. Limitations of the CCM Hygrometer
41(1)
G. High Temperature Fiber Optic Hygrometers
42(1)
IV. Dew Point Measurement Range
43(3)
V. Chilled Mirror Dew Point Transmitters
46(2)
VI. Summary of Balancing or Self-Calibration Methods
48(2)
A. Manual Balance
48(1)
B. Automatic Balance Control (ABC)
48(1)
C. PACER Cycle
49(1)
D. Continuous Balance
49(1)
E. Cycling Chilled Mirror (CCM) Technique
50(1)
F. CCM With Sapphire Mirror and Wiper
50(1)
VII. Dew Cup
50(1)
VIII. Sampling Systems
51(6)
A. Design of Sampling System
52(3)
B. Problems to Avoid
55(2)
C. Conclusions
57(1)
IX. Error Analysis
57(4)
A. General Principles
57(1)
B. Mirror Surface Errors
57(4)
X. Cryogenic Dew/Frost Point Hygrometer
61(8)
A. Purpose
62(1)
B. Description of Cryogenic Hygrometer
62(7)
4. Relative Humidity
69(16)
I. General
69(1)
II. Bulk Polymer Humidity Sensor
69(8)
A. Resistive Polymer Sensor
70(7)
III. Dunmore Cell
77(1)
IV. Pope Cell
77(1)
V. Capacitive Polymer Sensor
78(4)
A. Operation
79(1)
B. Temperature Dependence
80(1)
C. Performance
80(1)
D. Advantages
81(1)
E. Limitations
81(1)
VI. Displacement (Mechanical) Hygrometers
82(1)
VII. Percent RH Transmitters and Instrumentation
82(2)
VIII. Summary
84(1)
5. Trace Moisture Instrumentation
85(24)
I. Aluminium Oxide Hygrometers
85(6)
A. General
85(2)
B. Aluminium Oxide Instrumentation
87(1)
C. Advantages
88(1)
D. Limitations
89(1)
E. Calibration
89(2)
F. Applications
91(1)
II. Silicon Oxide Hygrometers
91(1)
A. Advantages
91(1)
B. Limitations
92(1)
III. Piezoelectric Sensor
92(6)
A. Operation of a Typical Piezoelectric Moisture Analyzer
93(2)
B. Response Time
95(1)
C. Sensitivity
96(1)
D. Advantages
96(1)
E. Limitations
97(1)
F. Applications
97(1)
G. Summary
97(1)
IV. Electrolytic Hygrometer
98(11)
A. Introduction
99(1)
B. Electrolytic Cell
99(2)
C. Theory of Operation
101(2)
D. Conventional Implementations
103(1)
E. Application Problems
104(1)
F. Applications
105(1)
G. Advantages
106(1)
H. Limitations
106(3)
6. Optical Absorption Hygrometers
109(12)
I. Infrared Hygrometer
109(4)
A. Operation
109(2)
B. Advantages
111(1)
C. Limitations
111(1)
D. Applications
112(1)
II. Lyman-Alpha Hygrometer
113(8)
A. Moisture Measurement
113(1)
B. Windows
113(1)
C. Detectors
114(1)
D. Sources
115(1)
E. Calibration
116(1)
F. Performance
116(1)
G. Summary
117(2)
H. Advantages
119(1)
I. Disadvantages
119(1)
J. Applications
119(2)
7. Dry/Wet-Bulb Psychrometer
121(6)
I. General Description
121(2)
II. Operation
123(2)
A. Theory
123(1)
B. Advantages
124(1)
C. Limitations
124(1)
III. Error Analysis
125(1)
A. Temperature Errors
125(1)
B. Pressure Errors
125(1)
C. Radiation Errors
125(1)
D. Errors Arising From Other Sources
125(1)
E. Accuracy
125(1)
IV. Applications
126(1)
V. Summary
126(1)
8. Other Humidity Instruments
127(10)
I. Saturated Salt (Lithium Chloride) Sensor
127(3)
A. General Discussion
127(1)
B. Theory of Operation
127(2)
C. Advantages
129(1)
D. Limitations
129(1)
E. Applications
129(1)
II. Fog Chamber
130(1)
III. Impedance-Based Ceramic Sensors
131(1)
IV. Fiber Optic Humidity Analyzer
132(2)
V. Other Types
134(3)
9. Meteorological Systems
137(8)
I. General
137(1)
II. Weather Stations
137(6)
A. Psychrometers
137(1)
B. Saturated Salt Sensor (Dew Cell)
138(1)
C. Electrical RH Sensors
138(1)
D. Polymer RH Sensors
139(1)
E. Aluminum Oxide
140(1)
F. Chilled Mirror Hygrometer
141(1)
G. Infrared Hygrometer
142(1)
III. Noise Pollution Measurements
143(1)
IV. Communications and Cloud Studies
143(1)
V. Upper Atmosphere Studies
144(1)
10. Calibration
145(48)
I. Importance of Calibration
145(9)
A. Traceability to National Standards
145(1)
B. Calibration Standards
146(1)
C. Uncertainty Versus Accuracy
146(1)
D. Types of Standards Used
147(2)
E. Field Applications
149(2)
F. Methods of Calibration
151(2)
G. Accuracy
153(1)
II. National Standards Laboratories
154(31)
A. NIST (USA)
156(10)
B. National Physical Laboratory (NPL) United Kingdom
166(7)
C. Calibration Facilities at CETIAT, France
173(2)
D. Ecole Polytechnique, Two-Temperature Calibration System, France
175(3)
E. National Research Laboratory for Metrology (NRLM), Japan
178(3)
F. Physicalish-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
181(3)
G. Other National Standards Laboratories
184(1)
III. Commercially Available Primary Standards
185(2)
A. Dew Point Calibration Chambers
185(1)
B. Relative Humidity Calibration Chambers
185(2)
IV. Calibration Using Saturated Salt Solutions
187(3)
V. Calibration in the Low PPM Range
190(3)
11. Water Vapor Pressure Tables
193(24)
I. General
193(1)
II. Smithsonian Tables
193(1)
III. Vapor Pressure of Water Above 100(o)C
193(24)
12. Applications
217(64)
I. Heat Treating
217(8)
A. Humidity Instruments Used for Heat Treating
218(1)
B. Heat Treatment of Steel
219(5)
C. Other Metal Operations
224(1)
D. Summary
225(1)
II. Semiconductors
225(4)
A. General
225(1)
B. Moisture Penetration
225(1)
C. Moisture Contamination
226(1)
D. Damage Caused By Moisture
226(2)
E. Instrumentation
228(1)
III. Water Activity Measurements
229(5)
A. Definition
229(1)
B. Measuring Water Activity
229(4)
C. Instrumentation for Water Activity Measurement
233(1)
IV. Natural Gas
234(2)
A. General
234(1)
B. Measurement Technology
235(1)
V. Medical Applications
236(5)
A. Perspiration Measurements
236(1)
B. Incubators
237(1)
C. Artificial Hearts
237(1)
D. Medical Gases
237(3)
E. ETO Sterilizers
240(1)
VI. Museums
241(1)
VII. Dryers
242(6)
A. General
242(2)
B. Nitrogen Polyester Chip Dryer
244(1)
C. Nylon Chip Dryer
244(1)
D. Drying Plastic Resin Pellets
245(1)
E. Dual Tower Regenerative Desiccant Dryer
246(1)
F. Paper Dryers
247(1)
G. Dry Snack Food Processing
247(1)
VIII. Gases
248(4)
A. Carbon Dioxide Gas
248(1)
B. Gases Containing Hydrogen Sulfide
248(1)
C. Steam Leaks in Process Gas Lines
249(1)
D. Argon in Glove Boxes
249(1)
E. Controlled Atmosphere Glove Boxes
249(1)
F. Blanketing Gas in Radionuclide Glove Boxes
250(1)
G. Hydrogen-Rich Hydrocarbon Streams
250(1)
H. Ethylene Gas for Polyethylene Production
251(1)
I. Recycle Gas in Catalytic Reforming Processes
251(1)
J. Cylinder Gases
251(1)
IX. Meteorological Applications
252(2)
A. Weather Forecasting
252(1)
B. Airports
252(1)
C. Plant Site Locations
253(1)
D. Aircraft Noise Pollution
253(1)
E. Upper Atmosphere Measurements
253(1)
X. Other Applications
254(27)
A. Industrial
254(10)
B. Automotive
264(2)
C. Laboratory Standards
266(1)
D. Nuclear Reactors
266(1)
E. Computers
267(1)
F. Data Communications Through Telephone Cables
268(1)
G. Buildings and Construction
269(7)
H. Relative Humidity Measurements
276(2)
I. Plant Growth Chambers
278(1)
J. Waste Products
279(2)
13. Charts, Graphs and Tables
281(46)
I. General Discussion
281(1)
II. Psychrometric Charts
282(1)
III. Relative Humidity Conversions
282(1)
IV. Dew Point Conversions
283(1)
V. Moisture Content Tables and Charts
283(1)
VI. Pressure Conversions
283(1)
VII. Flow Conversions
283(1)
VIII. Unit Conversions
283(44)
14. Laboratories and Test Facilities
327(4)
I. National Calibration Laboratories
327(2)
II. Certification and Accreditation Organizations
329(2)
A. Europe
329(1)
B. United States
329(2)
15. References and Sources for Further Information
331(20)
I. Introduction
331(1)
II. Definitions
331(1)
III. Chilled Mirror
332(2)
IV. Relative Humidity
334(1)
V. Trace Moisture
335(3)
VI. Optical Absorption Hygrometers
338(2)
VII. Psychrometers
340(1)
VIII. Other Types
341(1)
IX. Meteorological Instruments
342(1)
X. Calibration
343(5)
XI. Water Vapor Pressure Tables
348(1)
XII. Applications
348(3)
Appendix 351(2)
Index 353

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