
Water Softening with Potassium Chloride Process, Health, and Environmental Benefits
by McEachern, Rod; Wist, William; Lehr, Jay H.Buy New
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Summary
Author Biography
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
What Is Potassium Chloride? | p. 1 |
Saskatchewan Potash History | p. 2 |
Potash Mining | p. 3 |
Solution Mining | p. 9 |
Storage, Transportation, and Distribution of Potash | p. 27 |
Potash Products | p. 29 |
What Is Hard Water? | p. 34 |
Definition of Hard Water | p. 34 |
How Hard Water is Created | p. 35 |
Problems Associated With Hard Water | p. 37 |
How Hard Water is Measured | p. 39 |
Uniform Degrees of Hardness | p. 40 |
Types of Hardness | p. 40 |
Lowering Water Hardness | p. 43 |
Ion Exchange | p. 44 |
Deionization or Demineralization | p. 45 |
Reverse Osmosis | p. 47 |
Distillation | p. 49 |
The Ion Exchange Process | p. 54 |
Synthesis and Structure of Ion Exchange Resins | p. 55 |
Types of Ion Exchange Resins | p. 56 |
Household Water Softening | p. 57 |
Typical Household Water Softeners | p. 59 |
Cocurrent and Countercurrent Regeneration | p. 64 |
Mathematical Treatment of Ion Exchange Equilibria | p. 66 |
Selectivity of Ion Exchange Reactions | p. 75 |
Basic Chemistry of Ion Exchange | p. 78 |
The Building Blocks of Matter | p. 78 |
Atomic and Molecular Weights | p. 80 |
Cations and Anions | p. 83 |
Chemical Reactions | p. 84 |
Operation And Types of Water Softeners | p. 86 |
Historical Methods of Regeneration | p. 86 |
Operation of a Typical Water Softener | p. 87 |
Common Sequences of Cycles | p. 93 |
Types of Water Softeners | p. 93 |
Sizing a Water Softener | p. 96 |
Potassium Chloride Regenerant For Water Softening | p. 99 |
Alternate Regenerants | p. 99 |
Potassium Chloride Regenerant | p. 101 |
Initial Comparison of KC1 and NaCl | p. 102 |
Challenges When Using KC1 as a Regenerant | p. 110 |
Frequently Asked Questions | p. 112 |
Comparison Of KCl and NaCl as Regenerant | p. 115 |
Definition of Terms | p. 115 |
Theoretical Capacities of KCl and NaCl Regenerants | p. 118 |
Calculation of Regeneration Efficiency | p. 120 |
Sizing a Softener for Salt Efficiency | p. 121 |
Implications for Salt Consumption | p. 123 |
Total Salt released to the Environment | p. 127 |
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Solubility | p. 129 |
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Speed of Dissolution | p. 130 |
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Capacity | p. 132 |
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Used and Unused Regenerant | p. 135 |
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Release of Chlorides to the Environment | p. 138 |
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Taste | p. 139 |
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Generation of Fines | p. 144 |
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Sodium Content of Softened Water | p. 145 |
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Potassium Content of Softened Water | p. 154 |
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Total Dissolved Solids | p. 154 |
Environmental Considerations | p. 157 |
Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Soil | p. 159 |
Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Septic Systems | p. 162 |
Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Sewage Treatment Systems | p. 164 |
Potassium versus Sodium: Sewage Sludge | p. 166 |
Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Plants and Animals | p. 169 |
Potassium versus Sodium: Use of Recycled Graywater | p. 170 |
Recycling Regenerant Wastewater | p. 171 |
Use of Regenerant Wastewater Studies at University of California, Davis | p. 172 |
In Conclusion | p. 177 |
Potassium And Human Health | p. 183 |
Overview | p. 183 |
Introduction | p. 184 |
Cellular Physiology of Potassium | p. 184 |
Potassium Balance | p. 186 |
Defects in Potassium Elimination | p. 188 |
Medical Conditions Related to Potassium Excess | p. 189 |
Medical Conditions Related to Potassium Deficit | p. 191 |
Indirect Role of Potassium in Health | p. 199 |
Summary | p. 200 |
Ongoing Research | p. 209 |
Iron and Manganese Removal | p. 209 |
Grade of KCl Regenerant | p. 213 |
Cocurrent versus Countercurrent Regeneration | p. 215 |
Portable Exchange Tanks | p. 217 |
Research into Alternate Regenerants | |
Standard Test Protocol for Comparison of KCl and NaCl Regenerants | p. 23 |
Protocol Development | p. 223 |
Standard Test Protocol | p. 226 |
Laboratory Data Obtained with the Standard Test Protocol | p. 233 |
Accelerated Mush Test | p. 243 |
Apparatus | |
Method | p. 244 |
Index | p. 245 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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