Water Softening with Potassium Chloride Process, Health, and Environmental Benefits

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Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2009-10-05
Publisher(s): Wiley
List Price: $146.08

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Summary

Potassium chloride is a logical alternative to sodium chloride in water softening. Water Softening with Potassium Chloride provides a thorough overview of the process, the equipment, and the techniques used. Then it compiles diverse trade and technical data on water softening with potassium chloride so readers can make informed decisions. It documents the health and environmental consequences and benefits of using potassium chloride and includes a chapter with summaries of recent research projects and FAQs. This is a key reference for professional water treatment specialists, environmental science researchers, and others.

Author Biography

William Wist (deceased) spent eleven years and Central Canada Potash as a lab technician, senior chemist, and chief chemist. After joining Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Inc. in 1980 as chief chemist, he set up and equipped a new research and development laboratory for them. From 1988 until his retirement in 2005, he was chief chemist and pilot plant supervisor. Bill spearheaded the research and development of the use of potassium chloride as a water softening regenerant, in addition to other projects involving potash product quality and analytical procedures. Jay H. Lehr holds a PhD in environmental science from the University of Arizona and an engineering degree from Princeton University. He is the author of twenty-eight books and over 600 journal and magazine articles. He has taught at the University of Arizona and The Ohio State University, directed a professional society of environmental scientists, and formed a variety of environmental teaching and consulting firms. Rod McEachern holds a PhD in chemistry from the University of Saskatchewan. He currently works as the Director of RD with the potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Inc. in Saskatoon, Canada. His research interests include the application of new technology to environmental stewardship through air pollution abatement equipment, improved waste management practices, and process improvements to potash operations.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xi
Acknowledgmentsp. xiii
What Is Potassium Chloride?p. 1
Saskatchewan Potash Historyp. 2
Potash Miningp. 3
Solution Miningp. 9
Storage, Transportation, and Distribution of Potashp. 27
Potash Productsp. 29
What Is Hard Water?p. 34
Definition of Hard Waterp. 34
How Hard Water is Createdp. 35
Problems Associated With Hard Waterp. 37
How Hard Water is Measuredp. 39
Uniform Degrees of Hardnessp. 40
Types of Hardnessp. 40
Lowering Water Hardnessp. 43
Ion Exchangep. 44
Deionization or Demineralizationp. 45
Reverse Osmosisp. 47
Distillationp. 49
The Ion Exchange Processp. 54
Synthesis and Structure of Ion Exchange Resinsp. 55
Types of Ion Exchange Resinsp. 56
Household Water Softeningp. 57
Typical Household Water Softenersp. 59
Cocurrent and Countercurrent Regenerationp. 64
Mathematical Treatment of Ion Exchange Equilibriap. 66
Selectivity of Ion Exchange Reactionsp. 75
Basic Chemistry of Ion Exchangep. 78
The Building Blocks of Matterp. 78
Atomic and Molecular Weightsp. 80
Cations and Anionsp. 83
Chemical Reactionsp. 84
Operation And Types of Water Softenersp. 86
Historical Methods of Regenerationp. 86
Operation of a Typical Water Softenerp. 87
Common Sequences of Cyclesp. 93
Types of Water Softenersp. 93
Sizing a Water Softenerp. 96
Potassium Chloride Regenerant For Water Softeningp. 99
Alternate Regenerantsp. 99
Potassium Chloride Regenerantp. 101
Initial Comparison of KC1 and NaClp. 102
Challenges When Using KC1 as a Regenerantp. 110
Frequently Asked Questionsp. 112
Comparison Of KCl and NaCl as Regenerantp. 115
Definition of Termsp. 115
Theoretical Capacities of KCl and NaCl Regenerantsp. 118
Calculation of Regeneration Efficiencyp. 120
Sizing a Softener for Salt Efficiencyp. 121
Implications for Salt Consumptionp. 123
Total Salt released to the Environmentp. 127
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Solubilityp. 129
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Speed of Dissolutionp. 130
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Capacityp. 132
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Used and Unused Regenerantp. 135
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Release of Chlorides to the Environmentp. 138
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Tastep. 139
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Generation of Finesp. 144
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Sodium Content of Softened Waterp. 145
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Potassium Content of Softened Waterp. 154
Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Total Dissolved Solidsp. 154
Environmental Considerationsp. 157
Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Soilp. 159
Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Septic Systemsp. 162
Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Sewage Treatment Systemsp. 164
Potassium versus Sodium: Sewage Sludgep. 166
Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Plants and Animalsp. 169
Potassium versus Sodium: Use of Recycled Graywaterp. 170
Recycling Regenerant Wastewaterp. 171
Use of Regenerant Wastewater Studies at University of California, Davisp. 172
In Conclusionp. 177
Potassium And Human Healthp. 183
Overviewp. 183
Introductionp. 184
Cellular Physiology of Potassiump. 184
Potassium Balancep. 186
Defects in Potassium Eliminationp. 188
Medical Conditions Related to Potassium Excessp. 189
Medical Conditions Related to Potassium Deficitp. 191
Indirect Role of Potassium in Healthp. 199
Summaryp. 200
Ongoing Researchp. 209
Iron and Manganese Removalp. 209
Grade of KCl Regenerantp. 213
Cocurrent versus Countercurrent Regenerationp. 215
Portable Exchange Tanksp. 217
Research into Alternate Regenerants
Standard Test Protocol for Comparison of KCl and NaCl Regenerantsp. 23
Protocol Developmentp. 223
Standard Test Protocolp. 226
Laboratory Data Obtained with the Standard Test Protocolp. 233
Accelerated Mush Testp. 243
Apparatus
Methodp. 244
Indexp. 245
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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