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This is a practical, research-based text designed to guide teachers in the development and implementation of programs for second language learners. This text blends theory and practice to provide grade-level and ESL teachers with the tools they need to differentiate literacy instruction for ELL students.
Organized around the major findings from the National Reading Report, Teaching Reading to English Language Learners Students addresses a critical national need for teachers to have new and better information on how to address the literacy needs of English Language Learners. Good teachers know that all children do not learn in the same way and at the same pace, and they are well aware that children who do not speak English need different methods to help them learn English and be successful readers and writers.
The authors address the need to move the field beyond the current ‘one size fits all’ paradigm toward a broader view of how to create meaningful and relevant literacy programs for English Language Learners.
Preface | p. vi |
Language, Literacy, And The CLD Students | p. 1 |
Interactive Literacy: Defining Literacy For CLD Students | p. 6 |
Literacy Is Biographical | p. 7 |
Literacy Is Fundamental | p. 9 |
Literacy Is Research-Based | p. 10 |
Essential Elements Of Literacy Development | p. 10 |
The Theoretical Foundations of Reading | p. 13 |
Reading the Symbols and Sounds of English: The Bottom-Up Reading Process Model | p. 13 |
Literacy Instruction via the Bottom-Up Reading Process Model | p. 14 |
Schematic Connections to Text: The Top-Down Reading Process Model | p. 16 |
Literacy Instruction via the Top-Down Reading Process Model | p. 17 |
Reading As a Circular Process: The Interactive Reading Process Model | p. 18 |
Literacy Instruction via the Interactive Reading Process Model | p. 19 |
Conclusion | p. 20 |
Contextualizing Literacy Development For The CLD Student In The Grade-Level Classroom | p. 27 |
The CLD Student Biography | p. 29 |
The Sociocultural Dimension | p. 31 |
Historical Background Of The Family | p. 32 |
Literacy Resources | p. 34 |
Perceptions | p. 36 |
The Language Dimension | p. 38 |
Transfer Theory | p. 38 |
Stages Of Second Language Acquisition And CLD Student Literacy Development | p. 39 |
The Academic Dimension | p. 40 |
Prior Schooling | p. 41 |
Academic Policy | p. 43 |
The Cognitive Dimension | p. 44 |
Cognition, Language, And Literacy Development | p. 45 |
Culturally Relevant Texts: Making The Sociocultural Connection | p. 46 |
Conclusion | p. 47 |
Rethinking Phonemic Awareness: A Cross-Linguistic Transfer Perspective | p. 58 |
Phonological Awareness And Cross-Language Transfer | p. 61 |
Phonemic Awareness And Cross-Language Transfer | p. 63 |
Contextualizing Phonemic Awareness Instruction | p. 67 |
Phonemic Awareness Tasks: Identifying The Subtleties Of The English Language | p. 68 |
Phoneme Isolation | p. 69 |
Phoneme Identity | p. 72 |
Phoneme Categorization | p. 73 |
Phoneme Blending | p. 75 |
Phonemic Segmentation | p. 77 |
Phoneme Deletion | p. 79 |
Phoneme Addition | p. 80 |
Phoneme Substitution | p. 81 |
Instructional Guidelines for Phonemic Awareness | p. 82 |
Conclusion | p. 83 |
Phonics: More Than The A, B, Cs of Reading | p. 99 |
What Comes First: The Letters Or The Words | p. 102 |
Phonics And Cross-Language Transfer | p. 103 |
Contextualizing Phonics Instruction | p. 107 |
Writing Your Own Script: Creating An Integrated Approach To Phonics Instruction | p. 111 |
Phonics Knowledge Is Developmental | p. 113 |
Phonics Instruction Is Integrated Into Beginning Reading And Writing Instruction | p. 113 |
Phonics Knowledge Is Important Not For Itself But In Its Application | p. 114 |
Strategic Knowledge Is Required To Use Phonics Concepts And Skills | p. 114 |
Phonics Instruction Involves Teacher Decision-Making | p. 114 |
Peers Teach Each Other Phonics As They Read And Write Side-By-Side | p. 115 |
Integrated Phonics In A Second-Grade Classroom | p. 115 |
Integrated Phonics In A Fourth-Grade Classroom | p. 117 |
Conclusion | p. 119 |
Vocabulary Development: A Framework For Differentiated And Explicit Instruction | p. 149 |
Implications Of Approaches To Vocabulary Development | p. 153 |
Current Approaches To Vocabulary Instruction | p. 153 |
Reader-Based Instruction | p. 154 |
Interactive Language Learning | p. 155 |
Direct Instruction | p. 156 |
Teaching Vocabulary Within A Linguistic And Cultural Context | p. 157 |
The Cultural Biography Of The CLD Student: From The Known To The Unknown | p. 158 |
Sociocultural Dimension | p. 160 |
Linguistic Dimension | p. 161 |
Preproduction | p. 162 |
Early Production | p. 162 |
Speech Emergence | p. 163 |
Intermediate Fluency | p. 163 |
Advanced Fluency | p. 164 |
Academic Dimension | p. 165 |
Bridging And Connecting Through Cognates | p. 166 |
Cognitive Dimension | p. 167 |
Situating Instruction Based On The CLD Student Biography | p. 168 |
Vocabulary Selection | p. 169 |
Before-The-Lesson Strategies: Tapping Into Prior And Background Knowledge To Bridge And Connect | p. 171 |
Practicing And Applying Academic Vocabulary | p. 174 |
Creating Interactive Learning Environments | p. 176 |
Assessing CLD Students' Acquisition Of English Academic Vocabulary | p. 178 |
Conclusion | p. 179 |
Strategies-Based Comprehension Instruction: Linking The Known To The Unknown | p. 195 |
Comprehension: Constructing Meaning From Text | p. 199 |
Building From The Known To The Unknown | p. 200 |
Schematic Connections In Practice | p. 201 |
Putting Reading Comprehension Strategies Into Practice | p. 203 |
Metacognitive Strategies - "Thinking About Our Thinking" | p. 204 |
In My Head | p. 206 |
True Or False? | p. 206 |
Sticking To The Main Idea | p. 207 |
Question Bookmark | p. 208 |
Cognitive Strategies To Promote Reading Comprehension | p. 208 |
SEA Box | p. 209 |
Visualize-Interact-Predict (VIP) | p. 209 |
1, 2, 3 Imagery | p. 212 |
Signature Lines | p. 212 |
Story Retelling | p. 213 |
Social/Affective Comprehension Strategies | p. 215 |
Critical Questions | p. 215 |
Through My Eyes | p. 216 |
Conclusion | p. 217 |
Fluency In Practice: More Than "Reading" The Text | p. 247 |
Deep Constructs Of Fluency Development | p. 250 |
The Multiple Dimensions Of Phonemic Awareness And Phonics | p. 250 |
Decoding Through Cross-Language Transfer | p. 250 |
Articulation Of Orthographic Cues | p. 252 |
Prosidic Elements Of The English Language In Practice | p. 254 |
Stressing The Important Sounds In Words | p. 254 |
High Tones And Low Tones Of The English Language | p. 255 |
Phrasing And Reading Fluency | p. 256 |
The Role Of Vocabulary Knowledge | p. 257 |
Automaticity Through Repeated Reading | p. 258 |
Comprehension As The Key | p. 261 |
Learning Strategies In Practice | p. 262 |
Supporting Fluency Development Through Collaboration | p. 263 |
Acting On Fluency: Readers' Theater For CLD Students | p. 264 |
Choral Reading | p. 266 |
Repeated Reading | p. 268 |
Sustained Partner Reading | p. 269 |
Conclusion | p. 270 |
Implications Of Culture And Language In Writing | p. 283 |
Differences Between Oral And Written Language Development | p. 288 |
Teaching Writing In A Second Language | p. 289 |
Discourse Patterns | p. 293 |
Interactive + Direct Approaches To Teaching Writing To CLD Students | p. 294 |
Getting Started: Beginning Writing | p. 295 |
Interactive Spelling For CLD Students: From Individual To Cooperative Team | p. 299 |
Assessing The Writing Of Second Language Learners: Looking for Strengths | p. 301 |
Conclusion | p. 305 |
Outside The Lines: Assessment Beyond The Politics Of High Stakes Tests | p. 324 |
Overtested Without A Foundation | p. 327 |
Authentic Assessment Defined | p. 328 |
Authentic Reading Assessment (ARA) Within A CLD Context | p. 329 |
Socioculturally Speaking | p. 330 |
Language As A Cultural Response | p. 330 |
Academic Considerations | p. 332 |
Cognitive Pathways | p. 332 |
Point Of Departure: Preinstructional ARA | p. 333 |
Thinking, Learning, And Formative Assessment | p. 334 |
Feedback In Formative Assessment | p. 334 |
Questions As Tools In Reading Assessment | p. 336 |
Putting The Pieces Together: Student Case Studies | p. 338 |
Yamin: Where Am I? | p. 338 |
So Yeong: Between Two Worlds | p. 342 |
Conclusion | p. 347 |
Inclusive Literacy Instruction for CLD Students | p. 361 |
Setting The Goal: Standards-Driven Literacy Instruction | p. 365 |
The Standards For English Language Arts | p. 365 |
ESL Standards For Pre-K - 12 | p. 369 |
Fidelity And The CLD Learner | p. 371 |
Embedding Strategies In Your Existing Curriculum | p. 372 |
Standards - Reading Programs - CLD Student Biography | p. 373 |
Sociocultural Knowledge | p. 373 |
Linguistic Knowledge | p. 374 |
Academic Knowledge | p. 375 |
Cognitive Knowledge | p. 376 |
Conclusion | p. 377 |
Glossary | p. 382 |
References | p. 387 |
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