TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2 The Implementation

by Wright, Gary R.; Stevens, W. Richard

Edition: 1st

ISBN13: 9780201633542

ISBN10: 020163354X

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 1995-01-31

Publisher(s): Addison-Wesley Professional

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Summary

Bestselling author W. Richard Stevens teams up with Gary Wright for the second volume in the successful TCP/IP Illustrated series. This volume focuses on implementation issues. The authors use real working code--15,000 lines of code--together with pictures and descriptions of all data structures and algorithms to help the reader master the TCP/IP protocol suite.

Author Biography

Gary R. Wright has worked with TCP/IP for more than eight years. He is President of Connix, a Connecticut-based company providing Internet access and consulting services.

We are deeply saddened to learn of the death of noted author W. Richard Stevens. His passing is obviously a tremendous loss for the technical community, but it is a personal one for us as well. Rich was both a gifted colleague and a valued friend who will be greatly missed. We extend our sympathies to his family.

Obituary from the Arizona Daily Star:

STEVENS, W. Richard, noted author of computer books died on September 1. He is best known for his "UNIX Network Programming" series (1990, 1998, 1999), "Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment" (1992), and "TCP/IP Illustrated" series (1994, 1995, 1996). Richard was born in 1951 in Luanshya, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), where his father worked for the copper industry. The family moved to Salt Lake City, Hurley, New Mexico, Washington, DC and Phalaborwa, South Africa. Richard attended Fishburne Military School in Waynesboro, Virginia. He received a B.SC. in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1973, and an M.S. (1978) and Ph.D. (1982) in Systems Engineering from the University of Arizona. He moved to Tucson in 1975 and from then until 1982 he was employed at Kitt Peak National Observatory as a computer programmer. From 1982 until 1990 he was Vice President of Computing Services at Health Systems International in New Haven, CT, moving back to Tucson in 1990. Here he pursued his career as an author and consultant. He was also an avid pilot and a part-time flight instructor during the 1970's.
He is survived by his loving wife of 20 years, Sally Hodges Stevens; three wonderful children, Bill, Ellen and David; sister, Claire Stevens of Las Vegas, NV; brother, Bob and wife Linda Stevens of Dallas, TX; nieces, Laura, Sarah, Collette, Christy; and nephew, Brad. He is predeceased by his parents, Royale J. Stevens (1915-1984); and Helen Patterson Stevens (1916-1997). Helen lived in Tucson from 1991-1997, and Royale lived here in the early 1930's attending Tucson High School while his father was treated for TB at the Desert Sanitorium (now TMC). The family asks that in lieu of flowers, donations be made in Richard's name to Habitat for Humanity, 2950 E. 22nd Street, Tucson, AZ 85713. A memorial service for Richard will be held at St. Phillip's in the Hills Episcopal Church on Tuesday, September 7th at 12:00 noon. Following the service there will be a reception in the Murphy Gallery of the Church. Please wear colorful clothing to the service; Richard loved colors.

W. Richard Stevens was an acknowledged UNIX and networking expert and the highly-respected author of several books. He was also a sought-after instructor and consultant.

020163354XAB04062001

Preface

xix

Introduction

(30)

Introduction

(1)

Source Code Presentation

(2)

History

(2)

Application Programming Interfaces

(1)

Example Program

(2)

System Calls and Library Functions

(2)

Network Implementation Overview

(1)

Descriptors

(5)

Mbufs (Memory Buffers) and Output Processing

(4)

Input Processing

(3)

Network Implementation Overview Revisited

(1)

Interrupt Levels and Concurrency

(3)

Source Code Organization

(2)

Test Network

(1)

Summary

(2)

Mbufs: Memory Buffers

(32)

Introduction

(5)

Code Introduction

(1)

Mbuf Definitions

(1)

mbuf Structure

(2)

Simple Mbuf Macros and Functions

(4)

m_devget and m_pullup Functions

(7)

Summary of Mbuf Macros and Functions

(3)

Summary of Net/3 Networking Data Structures

(2)

m_copy and Cluster Reference Counts

(4)

Alternatives

(1)

Summary

(3)

Interface Layer

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Code Introduction

(1)

ifnet Structure

(8)

ifaddr Structure

(1)

sockaddr Structure

(2)

ifnet and ifaddr Specialization

(1)

Network Initalization Overview

(3)

Ethernet Initialization

(2)

SLIP Initialization

(3)

Loopback Initialization

(1)

if_attach Function

(8)

ifinit Function

(1)

Summary

(1)

Interfaces: Ethernet

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Code Introduction

(2)

Ethernet Interface

(16)

ioctl System Call

114

(11)

Summary

125

(2)

Interfaces: SLIP and Loopback

127

(28)

Introduction

127

(1)

Code Introduction

127

(1)

SLIP Interface

128

(22)

Loopback Interface

150

(3)

Summary

153

(2)

IP Addressing

155

(30)

Introduction

155

(3)

Code Introduction

158

(1)

Interface and Address Summary

158

(2)

sockaddr_in Structure

160

(1)

in_ifaddr Structure

161

(1)

Address Assignment

161

(16)

Interface ioctl Processing

177

(4)

Internet Utility Functions

181

(1)

ifnet Utility Functions

182

(1)

Summary

183

(2)

Domains and Protocols

185

(20)

Introduction

185

(1)

Code Introduction

186

(1)

domain Structure

187

(1)

protosw Structure

188

(3)

IP domain and protosw Structures

191

(5)

pffindproto and pffindtype Functions

196

(2)

pfctlinput Function

198

(1)

IP Initalization

199

(2)

sysctl System Call

201

(3)

Summary

204

(1)

IP: Internet Protocol

205

(42)

Introduction

205

(1)

Code Introduction

206

(4)

IP Packets

210

(2)

Input Processing: ipintr Function

212

(8)

Forwarding: ip_forward Function

220

(8)

Output Processing: ip_output Function

228

(6)

Internet Checksum: in_cksum Function

234

(5)

setsockopt and getsockopt System Calls

239

(5)

ip_sysctl Function

244

(1)

Summary

245

(2)

IP Option Processing

247

(28)

Introduction

247

(1)

Code Introduction

247

(1)

Option Format

248

(1)

ip_dooptions Function

249

(3)

Record Route Option

252

(2)

Source and Record Route Options

254

(7)

Timestamp Option

261

(4)

ip_insertoptions Function

265

(4)

ip_pcopts Function

269

(3)

Limitations

272

(1)

Summary

272

(3)

IP Fragmentation and Reassembly

275

(26)

Introduction

275

(2)

Code Introduction

277

(1)

Fragmentation

278

(4)

ip_opt copy Function

282

(1)

Reassembly

283

(3)

ip_reass Function

286

(12)

ip_slowtimo Function

298

(2)

Summary

300

(1)

ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol

301

(36)

Introduction

301

(4)

Code Introduction

305

(3)

icmp Structure

308

(1)

ICMP protosw Structure

309

(1)

Input Processing: icmp_input Function

310

(3)

Error Processing

313

(3)

Request Processing

316

(5)

Redirect Processing

321

(2)

Reply Processing

323

(1)

Output Processing

324

(1)

icmp_error Function

324

(4)

icmp_reflect Function

328

(5)

icmp_send Function

333

(1)

icmp_systcl Function

334

(1)

Summary

335

(2)

IP Multicasting

337

(44)

Introduction

337

(3)

Code Introduction

340

(1)

Ethernet Multicast Addresses

341

(1)

ether_multi Structure

342

(2)

Ethernet Multicast Reception

344

(1)

in_multi Structure

345

(2)

ip_moptions Structure

347

(1)

Multicast Socket Options

348

(1)

Multicast TTL Values

348

(3)

ip_setmoptions Function

351

(4)

Joining and IP Multicast Group

355

(11)

Leaving an IP Multicast Group

366

(5)

ip_getmoptions Function

371

(2)

Multicast Input Processing: ipintr Function

373

(2)

Multicast Output Processing: ip_output Function

375

(4)

Performance Considerations

379

(1)

Summary

379

(2)

IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol

381

(16)

Introduction

381

(1)

Code Introduction

382

(2)

igmp Structure

384

(1)

IGMP protosw Structure

384

(2)

Joining a Group: igmp_joingroup Function

386

(1)

igmp_fasttimo Function

387

(4)

Input Processing: igmp_input Function

391

(4)

Leaving a Group: igmp_leavegroup Function

395

(1)

Summary

396

(1)

IP Multicast Routing

397

(38)

Introduction

397

(1)

Code Introduction

398

(1)

Multicast Output Processing Revisited

399

(2)

mrouted Daemon

401

(3)

Virtual Interfaces

404

(7)

IGMP Revisited

411

(5)

Multicast Routing

416

(8)

Multicast Forwarding: ip_mforward Function

424

(9)

Cleanup: ip_mrouter_done Function

433

(1)

Summary

434

(1)

Socket Layer

435

(40)

Introduction

435

(1)

Code Introduction

436

(1)

socket Structure

437

(4)

System Calls

441

(4)

Processes, Descriptions, and Sockets

445

(2)

socket System Call

447

(4)

getsock and sockargs Functions

451

(2)

bind System Call

453

(2)

listen System Call

455

(1)

tsleep and wakeup Functions

456

(1)

accept System Call

457

(4)

sonewconn and soisconnected Functions

461

(3)

connect System Call

464

(4)

shutdown System Call

468

(3)

close System Call

471

(3)

Summary

474

(1)

Socket I/O

475

(62)

Introduction

475

(1)

Code Introduction

475

(1)

Socket Buffers

476

(4)

write, writev, sendto, and sendmsg System Calls

480

(3)

sendmsg System Call

483

(2)

sendit Function

485

(4)

sesoend Function

489

(11)

read, readv, recvfrom, and recvmsg System Calls

500

(1)

recvmsg System Call

501

(2)

recvit Function

503

(2)

soreceive Function

505

(5)

soreceive Code

510

(14)

select System Call

524

(10)

Summary

534

(3)

Socket Options

537

(22)

Introduction

537

(1)

Code Introduction

538

(1)

setsockopt System Call

539

(6)

getsockopt System Call

545

(3)

fcntl and ioctl System Calls

548

(6)

getsockname System Call

554

(1)

getpeername System Call

554

(3)

Summary

557

(2)

Radix Tree Routing Tables

559

(42)

Introduction

559

(1)

Routing Table Structure

560

(9)

Routing Sockets

569

(1)

Code Introduction

570

(3)

Radix Node Data Structures

573

(5)

Routing Structures

578

(3)

Intialization: route_init and rtable_init Functions

581

(3)

Initialization: rn_init and rn_inithead Functions

584

(3)

Duplicate Keys and Mask Lists

587

(4)

rn_match Function

591

(8)

rn_search Function

599

(1)

Summary

599

(2)

Routing Requests and Routing Messages

601

(44)

Introduction

601

(1)

rtalloc and rtalloc1 Functions

601

(3)

RTFREE Macro and rtfree Function

604

(3)

rtrequest Function

607

(5)

rt_setgate Function

612

(3)

rtinit Function

615

(2)

rtredirect Function

617

(4)

Routing Message Structures

621

(4)

rt_missmsg Function

625

(2)

rt_ifmsg Function

627

(1)

rt_newaddrmsg Function

628

(2)

rt_msg1 Function

630

(2)

rt_msg2 Function

632

(3)

sysct1_rtable Function

635

(5)

sysct1_dumpentry Function

640

(2)

sysctl_iflist Function

642

(2)

Summary

644

(1)

Routing Sockets

645

(30)

Introduction

645

(1)

routedomain and protosw Structures

646

(1)

Routing control Blocks

647

(1)

raw_init Function

647

(1)

route_output Function

648

(12)

rt_xaddrs Function

660

(1)

rt_setmetrics Function

661

(1)

raw_input Function

662

(2)

route_usrreq Function

664

(2)

raw_usrreq Function

666

(5)

raw_attach, raw_detach, and raw_disconnect Functions

671

(1)

Summary

672

(3)

ARP: Address Resolution Protocol

675

(38)

Introduction

675

(1)

ARP and the Routing Table

675

(3)

Code Introduction

678

(3)

ARP Structures

681

(2)

arpwhohas Function

683

(1)

arprequest Function

684

(3)

arpintr Function

687

(1)

in_arpinput Function

688

(6)

ARP Timer Functions

694

(2)

arpresolve Function

696

(5)

arplookup Function

701

(2)

Proxy ARP

703

(1)

arp_rtrequest Function

704

(6)

ARP and Multicasting

710

(1)

Summary

711

(2)

Protocol Control Blocks

713

(42)

Introduction

713

(2)

Code Introduction

715

(1)

inpcb Structure

716

(1)

in_pcballoc and in_pcbdetach Functions

717

(2)

Binding, Connecting, and Demultiplexing

719

(5)

in_pcblookup Function

724

(4)

in_pcbbind Function

728

(7)

in_pcbconnect Function

735

(6)

in_pcbdisconnect Function

741

(1)

in_setsockaddr and in_setpeeraddr Functions

741

(1)

in_pcbnotify, in_rtchange, and in_losing Functions

742

(8)

Implementation Refinements

750

(1)

Summary

751

(4)

UDP: User Datagram Protocol

755

(40)

Introduction

755

(1)

Code Introduction

755

(3)

UDP protosw Structure

758

(1)

UDP Header

759

(1)

udp_init Function

760

(1)

udp_output Function

760

(9)

udp_input Function

769

(12)

udp_saveopt Function

781

(1)

udp_ctlinput Function

782

(2)

udp_usrreq Function

784

(6)

udp_sysctl Function

790

(1)

Implementation Refinements

791

(2)

Summary

793

(2)

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol

795

(22)

Introduction

795

(1)

Code Introduction

795

(6)

TCP protosw Structure

801

(1)

TCP Header

801

(2)

TCP Control Block

803

(2)

TCP State Transition Diagram

805

(2)

TCP Sequence Numbers

807

(5)

tcp_init Function

812

(3)

Summary

815

(2)

TCP Timers

817

(34)

Introduction

817

(2)

Code Introduction

819

(2)

tcp_canceltimers Function

821

(1)

tcp_fasttimo Function

821

(1)

tcp_slowtimo Function

822

(2)

tcp_timers Function

824

(7)

Retransmission Timer Calculations

831

(2)

tcp_newtcpcb Function

833

(2)

tcp_setpersist Function

835

(1)

tcp_xmit_timer Function

836

(5)

Retransmission Timeout: tcp_timers Function

841

(5)

An RTT Example

846

(2)

Summary

848

(3)

TCP Output

851

(40)

Introduction

851

(1)

tcp_output overview

852

(1)

Determine if a Segment Should be Sent

852

(12)

TCP Options

864

(2)

Window Scale Option

866

(1)

Timestamp Option

866

(5)

Send a Segment

871

(13)

tcp_template Function

884

(1)

tcp_respond Function

885

(3)

Summary

888

(3)

TCP Functions

891

(32)

Introduction

891

(1)

tcp_drain Function

892

(1)

tcp_drop Function

892

(1)

tcp_close Function

893

(4)

tcp_mss Function

897

(7)

tcp_ctlinput Function

904

(1)

tcp_notify Function

904

(2)

tcp_quench Function

906

(1)

TCP_REASS Macro and tcp_reass Function

906

(10)

tcp_trace Function

916

(4)

Summary

920

(3)

TCP Input

923

(44)

Introduction

923

(2)

Preliminary Processing

925

(8)

tcp_dooptions Function

933

(1)

Header Prediction

934

(7)

TCP Input: Slow Path Processing

941

(1)

Initiation of Passive Open, Completion of Active Open

942

(9)

PAWS: Protection Against Wrapped Sequence Numbers

951

(3)

Trim Segment so Data is Within Window

954

(6)

Self-Connects and Simultaneous Opens

960

(3)

Record Timestamp

963

(1)

RST Processing

963

(2)

Summary

965

(2)

TCP Input (Continued)

967

(40)

Introduction

967

(1)

ACK Processing Overview

967

(1)

Completion of Passive Opens and Simultaneous Opens

967

(3)

Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Algorithms

970

(4)

ACK Processing

974

(7)

Update Window Information

981

(2)

Urgent Mode Processing

983

(3)

tcp_pulloutofband Function

986

(2)

Processing of Received Data

988

(2)

FIN Processing

990

(2)

Final Processing

992

(2)

Implementation Refinements

994

(1)

Header Compression

995

(9)

Summary

1004

(3)

TCP User Requests

1007

(20)

Introduction

1007

(1)

tcp_usrreq Function

1007

(11)

tcp_attach Function

1018

(1)

tcp_disconnect Function

1019

(2)

tcp_usrclosed Function

1021

(1)

tcp_ctloutput Function

1022

(3)

Summary

1025

(2)

BPF: BSD Packet Filter

1027

(22)

Introduction

1027

(1)

Code Introduction

1028

(1)

bpf_if Structure

1029

(3)

bpf_d Structure

1032

(8)

BPF Input

1040

(6)

BPF Output

1046

(1)

Summary

1047

(2)

Raw IP

1049

(18)

Introduction

1049

(1)

Code Introduction

1050

(1)

Raw IP protosw Structure

1051

(2)

rip_init Function

1053

(1)

rip_input Function

1053

(3)

rip_output Function

1056

(2)

rip_usrreq Function

1058

(5)

rip_ctloutput Function

1063

(2)

Summary

1065

(2)

Epilogue

1067

(2)

Appendix A. Solutions to Selected Exercises

1069

(24)

Appendix B. Source Code Availability

1093

(4)

Appendix C. RFC 1122 Compliance

1097

(28)

C.1 Link-Layer Requirements

1097

(1)

C.2 IP Requirements

1098

(4)

C.3 IP Options Requirements

1102

(2)

C.4 IP Fragmentation and Reassembly Requirements

1104

(1)

C.5 ICMP Requirements

1105

(5)

C.6 Multicasting Requirements

1110

(1)

C.7 IGMP Requirements

1111

(1)

C.8 Routing Requirements

1111

(2)

C.9 ARP Requirements

1113

(1)

C.10 UDP Requirements

1113

(2)

C.11 TCP Requirements

1115

(10)

Bibliography

1125

Index

1113

Excerpts

Introduction This book describes and presents the source code for the common reference implementation of TCP/IP: the implementation from the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California at Berkeley. Historically this has been distributed with the 4.x BSD system (Berkeley Software Distribution). This implementation was first released in 1982 and has survived many significant changes, much fine tuning, and numerous ports to other Unix and non-Unix systems. This is not a toy implementation, but the foundation for TCP/IP implementations that are run daily on hundreds of thousands of systems worldwide. This implementation also provides router functionality, letting us show the differences between a host implementation of TCP/IP and a router.We describe the implementation and present the entire source code for the kernel implementation of TCP/IP, approximately 15,000 lines of C code. The version of the Berkeley code described in this text is the 4.4BSD-Lite release. This code was made publicly available in April 1994, and it contains numerous networking enhancements that were added to the 4.3BSD Tahoe release in 1988, the 4.3BSD Reno release in 1990, and the 4.4BSD release in 1993. (App sourceB describes how to obtain this source code.) The 4.4BSD release provides the latest TCP/IP features, such as multicasting and long fat pipe support (for high-bandwidth, long-delay paths). {Fig 1.1} (p. 4) provides additional details of the various releases of the Berkeley networking code.This book is intended for anyone wishing to understand how the TCP/IP protocols are implemented: programmers writing network applications, system administrators responsible for maintaining computer systems and networks utilizing TCP/IP, and any programmer interested in understanding how a large body of nontrivial code fits into a real operating system. Organization of the Book We take a bottom-up approach to the TCP/IP protocol suite, starting at the data-link layer, then the network layer (IP, ICMP, IGMP, IP routing, and multicast routing), followed by the socket layer, and finishing with the transport layer (UDP, TCP, and raw IP). Intended Audience This book assumes a basic understanding of how the TCP/IP protocols work. Readers unfamiliar with TCP/IP should consult the first volume in this series, Stevens 1994, for a thorough description of the TCP/IP protocol suite. This earlier volume is referred to throughout the current text as Volume 1. The current text also assumes a basic understanding of operating system principles.We describe the implementation of the protocols using a data-structures approach. That is, in addition to the source code presentation, each chapter contains pictures and descriptions of the data structures used and maintained by the source code. We show how these data structures fit into the other data structures used by TCP/IP and the kernel. Heavy use is made of diagrams throughout the text - there are over 250 diagrams. This data-structures approach allows readers to use the book in various ways. Those interested in all the implementation details can read the entire text from start to finish, following through all the source code. Others might want to understand how the protocols are implemented by understanding all the data structurestand reading all the text, but not following through all the source code.We anticipate that many readers are interested in specific portions of the book and will want to go directly to those chapters. Therefore many forward and backward references are provided throughout the text, along with a thorough index, to allow individual chapters to be studied by themselves. The inside back covers contain an alphabetical cross-reference of all the functions and macros described in the book and the starting page number of the description. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapters; most solutions are in Appendix A to maximize the usefulnes

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