Stormwater Management for Smart Growth,9780387260488

Stormwater Management for Smart Growth

by ;
ISBN13: 9780387260488
ISBN10: 038726048X
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-09-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
List Price: $249.99

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Summary

The challenges faced by professionals as related to the management of stormwater runoff are rapidly changing. First-generation stormwater management focused on providing flood protection and limiting peakflow, whereas now a greater emphasis is being placed on water quality. Consequently, stormwater management is shifting with more emphasis on treatment practices and techniques to improve stormwater quality to protect against stream, river and estuary degradation. Stormwater Management for Smart Growth emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach to solving problems related to water quantity and quality issues associated with urban development. State-of-the-art control methods that integrate concepts related to both quantity and quality goals are presented. From a fundamental overview of supporting information on water quality, statistics and hydrology to detailed sections devoted to treatment and management practices, this book contains the latest information available on stormwater management. The book includes: - Emphasis on both hydrologic and water quality issues throughout all sections - Comprehensive coverage of stormwater management practices, including design, performance, and maintenance issues - Inclusion of many natural and vegetated stormwater management systems - Coverage of pollutant and runoff volume reduction through smart growth and low impact development practices

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION
1(10)
1.1 URBAN SPRAWL: THE PROBLEM
1(7)
1.1.1 A Historical Perspective
1(2)
1.1.2 Characteristics of Urban Sprawl
3(1)
1.1.3 Pollution of Waterways
4(1)
1.1.4 The Effects of Urban Sprawl
5(1)
1.1.5 Difficulties Faced in Improving Stormwater Quality
6(2)
1.2 SMART GROWTH: THE SOLUTION
8(1)
1.2.1 Urban Sprawl or Smart Growth
8(1)
1.2.2 Alternative Perspective on Smart Growth
8(1)
1.3 PROBLEMS
9(1)
1.4 REFERENCES
10(1)
2 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
11(26)
2.1 INTRODUCTION
11(3)
2.2 MASS, CONCENTRATION, AND LOADING
14(4)
2.2.1 Mass Balances
14(2)
2.2.2 Concentration-Flow Relationships
16(2)
2.3 FACTORS NECESSARY FOR LIFE
18(3)
2.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen
19(1)
2.3.2 pH
19(1)
2.3.3 Temperature
20(1)
2.4 WATER POLLUTANTS
21(10)
2.4.1 Suspended Solids
21(2)
2.4.2 Oxygen Demanding Substances
23(1)
2.4.3 Nitrogen Compounds
24(3)
2.4.3.1 Nitrogen Chemistry
24(1)
2.4.3.2 Nitrogen in the Environment
25(2)
2.4.4 Phosphorus
27(1)
2.4.5 Microbial Pathogens
27(1)
2.4.6 Heavy Metals
28(1)
2.4.7 Oils and Grease
29(1)
2.4.8 Toxic Organic Compounds
29(1)
2.4.8.1 Pesticides
29(1)
2.4.8.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
30(1)
2.4.8.3 Solvents
30(1)
2.4.9 Trash
30(1)
2.5 WATER QUALITY INDICES
31(1)
2.6 TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOADS–TMDLS
32(2)
2.7 PROBLEMS
34(2)
2.8 REFERENCES
36(1)
3 STATISTICAL METHODS FOR DATA ANALYSIS
37(26)
3.1 INTRODUCTION
38(1)
3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE MOMENTS
38(4)
3.2.1 Mean
38(2)
3.2.2 Variance
40(1)
3.2.3 Standard Deviation
40(1)
3.2.4 Coefficient of Variation
41(1)
3.3 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
42(6)
3.3.1 Probability
42(1)
3.3.2 Types of Random Variables
42(1)
3.3.3 Uniform Distribution
43(1)
3.3.4 Normal Distribution
44(4)
3.3.4.1 Standard Normal Distribution
45(2)
3.3.4.2 Log-Normal Distribution
47(1)
3.3.5 t Distribution
48(1)
3.4 A PROCEDURE FOR TESTING HYPOTHESES
48(8)
3.4.1 Step 1: Formulation of Hypotheses
49(1)
3.4.2 Step 2: The Test Statistic and its Sampling Distribution
50(1)
3.4.3 Step 3: The Level of Significance
50(1)
3.4.4 Step 4: Data Analysis
51(1)
3.4.5 Step 5: The Region of Rejection
51(1)
3.4.6 Step 6: Select the Appropriate Hypothesis
51(2)
3.4.7 Summary of Common Hypothesis Tests
53(3)
3.5 OUTLIER DETECTION
56(3)
3.6 PROBLEMS
59(4)
4 STORMWATER HYDROLOGY
63(42)
4.1 INTRODUCTION
64(1)
4.2 THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
64(3)
4.2.1 Water Quantity Perspective
64(2)
4.2.2 Water Quality Perspective
66(1)
4.3 PRECIPITATION
67(9)
4.3.1 Depth-Duration-Frequency
67(1)
4.3.2 Rainfall Maps
68(1)
4.3.3 Intensity-Duration-Frequency
68(1)
4.3.4 Development of a Design Storm
69(7)
4.4 WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
76(19)
4.4.1 Watershed: Definition and Delineation
77(1)
4.4.2 Drainage Area
78(1)
4.4.3 Watershed Length
78(1)
4.4.4 Watershed Slope
78(1)
4.4.5 Land Cover and Use
79(1)
4.4.6 Surface Roughness
80(1)
4.4.7 Channel Cross Sections
80(1)
4.4.8 Channel Roughness
81(1)
4.4.9 Runoff Curve Numbers
82(6)
4.4.9.1 Soil Group Classification
83(1)
4.4.9.2 Hydrologic Condition
84(1)
4.4.9.3 Curve Number Tables
84(1)
4.4.9.4 Estimation of CN Values for Urban Land Uses
84(4)
4.4.9.5 Effect of Unconnected Impervious Area on Curve Numbers
88(1)
4.4.10 Time of Concentration
88(18)
4.4.10.1 Velocity Method
89(1)
4.4.10.2 Sheet-Flow Travel Time
90(5)
4.5 RATIONAL FORMULA
95(2)
4.6 TR-55 GRAPHICAL PEAK-DISCHARGE METHOD
97(1)
4.7 PROBLEMS
98(6)
4.7 REFERENCES
104(1)
5 INTRODUCTION TO MODELING
105(26)
5.1 INTRODUCTION
106(1)
5.2 UNIVARIATE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
106(5)
5.2.1 Population versus Sample
107(1)
5.2.2 Regionalization
107(1)
5.2.3 Probability Paper
107(1)
5.2.4 Mathematical Model
108(1)
5.2.5 Procedure
109(1)
5.2.6 Sample Moments
109(1)
5.2.7 Plotting Position Formulas
110(1)
5.2.8 Return Period
110(1)
5.2.9 The Normal Distribution
110(1)
5.2.10 The Log-Normal Distribution
111(1)
5.3 BIVARIATE MODELING
111(6)
5.3.1 Correlation Analysis
112(1)
5.3.1.1 Graphical Analysis
112(1)
5.3.1.2 Bivariate Correlation
113(1)
5.3.2 Regression Analysis
113(4)
5.3.2.1 Principle of Least Squares
113(1)
5.3.2.2 Zero-Intercept Model
114(1)
5.3.2.3 Reliability of the Regression Equation
115(2)
5.4 MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS
117(4)
5.4.1 Correlation Matrix
118(1)
5.4.2 Calibration of the Multiple Linear Model
119(1)
5.4.3 Evaluating a Multiple Regression Model
119(2)
5.5 NONLINEAR MODELS
121(4)
5.5.1 The Power Model
121(1)
5.5.2 Transformation and Calibration
122(3)
5.6 PROBLEMS
125(4)
5.7 REFERENCES
129(2)
6 STORMWATER QUALITY
131(44)
6.1 INTRODUCTION
132(1)
6.2 POLLUTANT LEVEL DETERMINATIONS
132(4)
6.2.1 Grab Sample Measurements
133(1)
6.2.2 Composite Sample Measurements
134(2)
6.3 STORMWATER RUNOFF QUALITY DATA
136(6)
6.3.1 pH
137(1)
6.3.2 Suspended Solids and Oil and Grease
137(1)
6.3.3 Organic Carbon/Oxygen Demand
137(1)
6.3.4 Nutrients
137(4)
6.3.5 Metals
141(1)
6.3.6 Toxic Organics
141(1)
6.3.7 Pathogens
141(1)
6.4 POLLUTANT MASS LOADS
142(1)
6.5 THE FIRST FLUSH
143(8)
6.5.1 Defining the First Flush
144(4)
6.5.2 First Flush Measurements
148(1)
6.5.3 The Antecedent Dry Weather Period
149(2)
6.6 PARTICULATES IN STORMATER RUNOFF
151(2)
6.6.1 Physical Characteristics
151(1)
6.6.2 Chemical Characteristics
152(1)
6.7 POLLUTANT SOURCES
153(6)
6.7.1 Contributions from Different Land Uses
153(2)
6.7.2 Specific Pollutant Sources
155(4)
6.8 EMPIRICAL HIGHWAY RUNOFF MODELS
159(1)
6.9 STOKES LAW
159(4)
6.10 UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION
163(5)
6.11 PROBLEMS
168(4)
6.12 REFERENCES
172(3)
7 IMPROVEMENT OF STORMWATER QUALITY
175(10)
7.1 INTRODUCTION
175(1)
7.2 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
176(6)
7.3 PROBLEMS
182(2)
7.4 REFERENCES
184(1)
8 STORAGE AND FLOW CONTROL
185(40)
8.1 INTRODUCTION
186(5)
8.1.1 Effects of Urban Development
188(1)
8.1.2 SWM Policy Considerations
188(1)
8.1.3 Elements of SWM Structures
189(1)
8.1.4 Analysis versus Synthesis
190(1)
8.1.5 Planning versus Design
191(1)
8.2 WEIR AND ORIFICE EQUATIONS
191(5)
8.2.1 Orifice Equation
192(2)
8.2.2 Weir Equation
194(2)
8.3 DETENTION PONDS
196(17)
8.3.1 Storage Volume Estimation
196(1)
8.3.2 Sizing Riser Structures
197(18)
8.3.2.1 Sizing of Single-Stage Risers
199(7)
8.3.2.2 Sizing of Two-Stage Risers
206(7)
8.4 EXTENDED DETENTION
213(2)
8.5 WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
215(6)
8.5.1 Conventional Sedimentation Theory
215(4)
8.5.2 Other Water Quality Issues in SWM Basins
219(1)
8.5.3 Case Study Information
219(2)
8.6 PROBLEMS
221(3)
8.7 REFERENCES
224(1)
9 VEGETATIVE CONTROL METHODS
225(46)
9.1 INTRODUCTION
226(2)
9.2 VEGETATED BUFFER STRIPS
228(8)
9.2.1 Performance Characteristics
229(1)
9.2.2 Buffer Strip Design
230(3)
9.2.3 Design Sensitivity
233(3)
9.2.4 Water Quality Performance
236(1)
9.3 VEGETATED SWALES
236(5)
9.3.1 Design Constraints
237(1)
9.3.2 Design Procedure
238(2)
9.3.3 Simple Water Quality Models
240(1)
9.3.4 Water Quality Performance
241(1)
9.4 BIORETENTION
241(19)
9.4.1 Design Characteristics
242(1)
9.4.2 Design Procedure
243(7)
9.4.2.1 Effect of Vegetation
243(3)
9.4.2.2 Storage Volume
246(1)
9.4.2.3 Infiltration
247(1)
9.4.2.4 Underdrain Design
248(2)
9.4.3 Flow Routing
250(4)
9.4.4 Performance Characteristics
254(3)
9.4.4.1 Pollutant Removals
254(2)
9.4.4.2 Suspended Solids and Filtration Theory
256(1)
9.4.5 Maintenance and Sustainability
257(3)
9.5 LEVEL SPREADERS
260(1)
9.6 CHECK DAMS
261(2)
9.7 GREEN ROOFS
263(1)
9.8 PROBLEMS
264(4)
9.9 REFERENCES
268(3)
10 TRAPS, BASINS, AND FILTERS 271(32)
10.1 INTRODUCTION
272(1)
10.2 SEDIMENT TRAPS
273(5)
10.2.1 Trap Efficiency
273(1)
10.2.2 Design Procedure
274(2)
10.2.3 Design Considerations
276(2)
10.3 SEDIMENT BASINS
278(5)
10.3.1 Design Procedure
279(2)
10.3.2 Integrated Trap Efficiency
281(2)
10.4 INFILTRATION TRENCHES
283(7)
10.4.1 Considerations in Design and Construction
283(1)
10.4.2 Sizing of Storage-Trench Dimensions
284(2)
10.4.3 Sizing of Rate-Trench Dimensions
286(2)
10.4.4 Siting of an Infiltration Trench
288(1)
10.4.5 Considerations in Selecting the Filter Cloth
289(1)
10.4.6 Strategies for Increasing the Infiltration Potential
289(1)
10.4.7 Water Quality Considerations
290(1)
10.4.8 Regulatory Considerations
290(1)
10.5 CISTERNS
290(2)
10.6 SAND FILTERS
292(6)
10.6.1 Sand Filter Configurations
292(2)
10.6.2 Design Procedure
294(1)
10.6.3 Maintenance Considerations
295(2)
10.6.4 Filter Performance
297(1)
10.7 PROBLEMS
298(4)
10.8 REFERENCES
302(1)
11 WETLANDS 303(34)
11.1 INTRODUCTION
304(1)
11.2 WATER BUDGET
305(1)
11.3 STORAGE ACCUMULATION METHOD
306(2)
11.4 RESIDENCE TIME IN WETLANDS
308(2)
11.5 PERMANENT POND DEPTH ESTIMATION
310(2)
11.6 ACTIVE STORAGE DESIGN
312(1)
11.7 FOREBAY DESIGN
313(3)
11.8 IN-STREAM WETLANDS
316(3)
11.9 OFF-STREAM WETLANDS
319(2)
11.10 OUTLET CONTROL STRUCTURES
321(4)
11.10.1 Uncontrolled Outlets
321(2)
11.10.2 Controlled Outlets
323(2)
11.11 WATER QUALITY IN WETLANDS
325(6)
11.11.1 Modeling Water Quality Improvement
326(2)
11.11.2 Wetland Design for Water Quality
328(1)
11.11.3 Water Quality Performance
329(2)
11.12 PROBLEMS
331(5)
11.13 REFERENCES
336(1)
12 LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT 337(22)
12.1 INTRODUCTION
337(3)
12.2 REDUCING IMPERVIOUS SURFACE
340(3)
12.3 INTEGRATING LID PRACTICES
343(6)
12.3.1 Porous Parking Swales
344(2)
12.3.2 Design Parameters
346(1)
12.3.3 Design Procedure
346(3)
12.4 LANDOWNER ISSUES
349(1)
12.5 POLLUTION PREVENTION
350(3)
12.5.1 Material Substitution
350(1)
12.5.2 Public Awareness
351(2)
12.6 MAINTENANCE AND LONG-TERM STABILITY
353(1)
12.7 RETROFITS
353(1)
12.8 CASE STUDIES AND MODELING
354(1)
12.9 PROBLEMS
354(2)
12.10 REFERENCES
356(3)
APPENDIX 359(6)
A.1 NORMAL STANDARD DISTRIBUTION
360(2)
A.2 STUDENTS t STATISTICS
362(1)
B.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
363(2)
INDEX 365

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