School Psychology for the 21st Century Foundations and Practices

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Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-01-18
Publisher(s): The Guilford Press
List Price: $58.67

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Summary

This engaging, authoritative introductory text comprehensively describes the role of the school psychologist in promoting positive educational and mental health outcomes for all students in today's schools. The book emphasizes a data-driven, problem-solving-based approach to prevention and intervention with diverse children, youth, and their families. The reader is equipped with vital tools for becoming a competent, ethical practitioner; effectively addressing students' emotional, behavioral, and academic needs; facilitating systems-level change; and using research as the basis for informed decision making. Special features include helpful vignettes, discussion questions, activities, and resources.

Author Biography

Kenneth W. Merrell, PhD, is Professor and Director of the School Psychology Program at the University of Oregon, where he teaches courses in school psychology and leads the Oregon Resiliency Project. Earlier in his career he worked for 3 years full-time as a school psychologist, and he has worked as a consulting school psychologist in three states while working as a university educator. Dr. Merrell’s teaching and research interests are focused on social-emotional assessment and intervention for at-risk children and adolescents, as well as social-emotional learning in schools. He has a long list of publications, including five books and five nationally normed assessment instruments related to these areas. He is a Fellow in both the Division of School Psychology (Division 16) and the Society for Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (Division 53) of the American Psychological Association. Having previously served as an editorial board member or consulting editor for several professional and scientific journals, Dr. Merrell currently serves as an editorial board member for School Psychology Review, and is the series editor for The Guilford Practical Intervention in the Schools Series.

Ruth A. Ervin, PhD, is Associate Professor of School Psychology and Special Education at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Her professional teaching and research interests lie within the domains of promoting systems-level change to address research-to-practice gaps in school settings; collaborative consultation with school personnel, parents, and other service providers for the prevention and treatment of emotional and/or behavioral disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder via a data-driven, solution-oriented problem-solving approach; and linking assessment to intervention to promote academic performance and socially significant outcomes for school-age children. Emphasis in Dr. Ervin’s work has been placed on systems-level change and the merging of research and practice agendas to support school personnel in the timely provision of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts to address student needs.

Gretchen A. Gimpel, PhD, is Associate Professor of Psychology at Utah State University, where she coordinates the National Association of School Psychologists-approved master’s degree program in school psychology and is on the program faculty of the combined (school/clinical/counseling) American Psychological Association-accredited PhD program. Dr. Gimpel is a licensed psychologist and certified school psychologist. She teaches core child therapy and behavioral assessment courses for psychology graduate students and is the faculty internship supervisor for school psychology students. Dr. Gimpel also coordinates child therapy services within the Psychology Department’s Community Clinic and supervises graduate students who provide services in this clinic. Her publications and professional presentations are in the area of child behavior problems and family issues as related to child behaviors. Dr. Gimpel currently serves on the editorial advisory boards of several school psychology-related journals.

Table of Contents

Introduction to the Field of School Psychology
1(20)
Defining School Psychology
1(2)
Previous Definitions
2(1)
Current Definitions
2(1)
Characteristics of School Psychologists
3(2)
Being There: Six Vignettes
5(8)
Expanding the Role
5(2)
Surviving the Assessment Marathon
7(1)
Systems-Level Intervention and Leadership
8(1)
Let the Data Be Your Guide
9(1)
Behavioral School Psychologist in a Nontraditional Setting
10(1)
University Professor and Trainer
11(2)
Tying It Together
13(1)
How Does One Become a School Psychologist?
13(2)
Differentiating School Psychology from Related Professions
15(2)
Related Fields in Psychology
15(1)
Related Fields in Education
16(1)
Using This Book: A Vision for School Psychology
17(3)
Discussion Questions and Activities
20(1)
The Historical Context of School Psychology
21(21)
Philosophical, Intellectual, and Social--Cultural Foundations
21(3)
Classical Greek Influences
22(1)
Modern European Influences
23(1)
The Emergence of Psychology
24(1)
Developments in American Education
25(4)
Colonial Foundations
26(1)
19th-Century Steps
26(1)
20th-Century Developments, Persistent Issues
27(2)
Beginnings of School Psychology
29(1)
Development and Professionalization of the Field
30(2)
Recent History of School Psychology
32(3)
Public Law 94-142/Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
32(2)
Training Standards and Credentialing
34(1)
Growth through Tension and Opposition
35(4)
Two Cultures of Psychology
35(2)
NASP and APA
37(2)
Leaving Adolescence: Toward the Maturation of the Field
39(2)
Discussion Questions and Activities
41(1)
The Changing Face of School Psychology: Responding Effectively to Cultural and Linguistic Diversity
42(19)
Elsa Arroyos-Jurado
Demographic Trends: The Changing Linguistic, Ethnic, and Cultural Landscape
43(1)
Beyond Stereotypes: Within-Group and between-Group Differences
44(2)
Stereotypes
44(1)
Within- and between-Group Differences
45(1)
Ethnic Minority Underrepresentation among the Ranks of School Psychologists: A Major Challenge for the Field
46(2)
Key Concepts and Issues in Cultural and Linguistic Diversity
48(4)
Acculturation
49(1)
Worldview
50(1)
Identity
50(2)
Models for Best Practice in School Psychology Service Delivery
52(6)
Assessment
52(3)
Consultation
55(1)
School Psychology and the Overrepresentation of Minority Students in Special Education Programs
56(2)
Data-Driven Problem Solving: An Approach for Supporting All Students
58(2)
Discussion Questions and Activities
60(1)
Becoming a School Psychologist: Training and Credentialing Issues
61(33)
Becoming a School Psychologist
61(2)
School Psychology Training Programs, Students, Faculty
63(21)
School Psychology Training Programs
63(15)
Characteristics of Faculty and Students
78(6)
Practicum and Internship Training
84(3)
Practicum Training in School Psychology
84(1)
Internship Training in School Psychology
85(2)
Credentialing in School Psychology: Certification and Licensure
87(5)
State Department of Education Certification/Licensure
88(1)
Nationally Certified School Psychologist Credential
89(1)
State Board of Examiners in Psychology License
90(1)
Specialty Credentialing
91(1)
Continuing Professional Development
92(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities
93(1)
Working as a School Psychologist: Employment Trends, Opportunities, and Challenges
94(19)
Obtaining a Job as a School Psychologist
95(2)
Obtaining a Job in a Non-School Setting
97(2)
University Settings
97(1)
Clinical Settings
98(1)
The Work Setting
99(3)
School Psychologists in Nontraditional Settings
100(1)
Salaries and Time Spent Working
101(1)
The Role and Function of School Psychologists
102(3)
Assessment
103(1)
Consultation
104(1)
Intervention
104(1)
Conflict between Ideal and Actual Role
105(2)
Demographic Characteristics of School Psychologists
107(2)
Gender
107(1)
Age
108(1)
Ethnicity
109(1)
Educational Level
109(1)
Job Supply and Demand
109(2)
Discussion Questions and Activities
111(2)
Legal and Ethical Issues in School Psychology
113(26)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
114(12)
Background on Special Education Law
114(3)
IDEA-97: Part B
117(5)
LRE and Court Cases
122(1)
Appropriate Education and Court Cases
123(1)
IDEA-97: Part C
124(1)
2004 Reauthorization of IDEA
125(1)
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act
126(2)
Other Important Federal Legislation
128(1)
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
128(1)
No Child Left Behind
128(1)
Ethical Issues
129(7)
Competence
131(1)
Professional Relationships
131(1)
Privacy/Confidentiality
132(1)
Professional Practice: Intervention and Assessment
132(1)
Research
133(1)
Training and Supervision
134(1)
Advertising/Media Relations
135(1)
Record Keeping/Fees
135(1)
Ethical Decision Making
135(1)
Integrating Ethical Principles and the Law: Limits to Confidentiality
136(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect
136(1)
Duty to Protect
136(1)
Privileged Communication
137(1)
Conclusions
137(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities
138(1)
Facilitating Change Through Data-Driven Problem Solving: A Model for School Psychology Practice
139(22)
Traditional and Alternative Models of School Psychology
140(3)
Historical Roots of Traditional and Alternative Models of School Psychology
140(3)
Rationale for Adopting a Problem-Solving Approach
143(6)
Evidence That Current Systems Are Not Working
144(2)
Urgency of the Need for Change in Current Practices
146(1)
Growing Evidence Supportive of an Alternative (Problem-Solving) Approach
147(2)
Overview of the Data-Driven Problem-Solving Model
149(10)
Step 1: What Is the Problem? (Problem Identification and Validation)
151(2)
Step 2: Why Is It Occurring? (Problem Analysis)
153(1)
Step 3: What Should Be Done about It? (Intervention Development and Implementation)
154(1)
Step 4: Did It Work? (Intervention Evaluation and Follow-Up)
154(1)
Summary of the Critical Features of a Data-Driven Problem-Solving Model
155(1)
Systems to Support Sustained Use of Problem Solving
155(1)
A Focus on Prevention
156(3)
The School Psychologist's Role
159(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities
159(2)
The School Psychologist's Role in Assessment: Models, Methods, and Trends in Gathering, Organizing, and Analyzing Data
161(25)
Assessment Standards and Psychometric Properties
162(2)
Assessment Standards
162(1)
Reliability
163(1)
Validity
163(1)
Intellectual Assessment
164(4)
Assessment of Academic Skills
168(4)
Standardized, Norm-Referenced Achievement Tests
169(1)
Curriculum-Based Assessment/Measurement
170(2)
Functional Assessment
172(1)
Assessment of Social-Emotional and Behavioral Functioning
172(7)
Projective Techniques
173(1)
Behavior Rating Scales
174(1)
Interviews
175(1)
Observations
176(1)
Self-Report Measures
177(1)
Functional Behavioral Assessment
177(2)
Diagnosis and Classification in the Schools
179(2)
Assessment as a Problem-Solving Process
181(3)
Identification of the Problem: The Referral and Clarification
181(1)
Analysis of the Problem: Development of Hypotheses and Collection of Assessment Data
182(1)
Review of Data
183(1)
Intervention Development
184(1)
Evaluation of the Intervention
184(1)
Final Thoughts
184(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities
185(1)
The School Psychologist's Role in Prevention and Intervention: Part 1. Academic Skills
186(20)
Prevention and Intervention as Part of a Data-Driven Problem-Solving Process
187(3)
Factors That Influence Development
190(2)
Risk Factors
190(1)
Protective Factors
191(1)
Evidence-Based Instruction and Intervention Strategies
192(5)
Literature on Effective Instruction
192(1)
The Student (Who Is Being Taught?)
193(2)
The Curriculum (What to Teach)
195(1)
Effective Instructional Approaches (How and When to Teach)
196(1)
Prevention and Intervention Literature on Effective Teaching
197(5)
Strategies Designed to Improve Academic Engagement, Motivation, Self-Regulation, and Problem Solving
198(2)
Strategies Designed to Improve Skill Development, Fluency, and Retention of Information
200(2)
Data-Driven Problem Solving across Levels of Prevention
202(2)
Conclusions
204(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities
204(2)
The School Psychologist's Role in Prevention and Intervention: Part 2. Mental Health and Social-Emotional Behavior
206(20)
Mental Health and Social-Emotional Needs of Students
207(3)
Prevalence of Disorders and Range of Problems in School-Age Populations
207(2)
Issues of Complexity and Comorbidity: Need for Early Detection and Intervention
209(1)
Addressing Mental Health Issues from a Problem-Solving Stance
210(4)
Adaptation of a Public Health Prevention Framework to Schools
214(1)
Evidence-Based Practice Movement
215(7)
Parent Management Training for the Treatment of Aggression and Oppositional Behavior
217(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for the Treatment of Internalizing Problems
218(2)
Psychostimulants for the Treatment of ADHD Symptoms
220(1)
Concluding Comments Regarding EBPs
221(1)
Linking Supports across Service Delivery Systems and Providers
222(1)
Data-Driven Problem Solving across Levels of Prevention
222(2)
Conclusions
224(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities
224(2)
The School Psychologist's Role in Facilitating Systems Change
226(14)
The School Context: Challenges Facing Schools
226(2)
Technological Advances and Changing Dynamics of the Workforce
227(1)
Changes in the Student Demographics and Student Needs
227(1)
Increased Demands for EBPs and Accountability Despite Diminishing Resources
227(1)
Change as a Unifying Feature of the Challenges Facing School Systems
228(1)
Problem Solving, Systems Change, and School Psychology
228(1)
Systems-Change Theory
229(4)
Lessons Learned from Past Systemic Reform Efforts
233(1)
Phases of the Systems-Change Process
234(4)
Phase 1: Creating Readiness
235(1)
Phase 2: Initial Implementation
236(1)
Phase 3: Institutionalization
237(1)
Phase 4: Ongoing Evolution
237(1)
The Role of the School Psychologist
238(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities
239(1)
The School Psychologist's Role in Research and Evaluation
240(24)
School Psychologists as Consumers of Research
241(10)
Types of Journal Articles
241(1)
Evaluating Research
241(10)
Conducting Applied Research in the Schools
251(6)
Single-Subject Research
252(5)
Program Evaluation
257(3)
Program Conceptualization and Design
258(1)
Monitoring and Accountability
258(1)
Assessing Program Utility
259(1)
Data-Based Decision Making
260(2)
Discussion Questions and Activities
262(2)
Moving the Field Forward: Mapping the Future of School Psychology
264(17)
From Where We Were to Where We Are: The Evolution of School Psychology
265(2)
The Challenges of Prognostication: Previous Attempts to Predict the Future of the Field
267(2)
School Psychology in the 21st Century: Our Predictions
269(4)
Mapping Our Future: A Vision for School Psychology
273(6)
Priority Goals and Outcomes from the 2002 Futures Conference
275(1)
Concluding Comments: Another Look at the ``Triangle of Support''
275(4)
Discussion Questions and Activities
279(2)
Appendix A. The American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (Revised 2002) 281(28)
Appendix B. National Association of School Psychologists Professional Conduct Manual 309(30)
References 339(20)
Index 359

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