Primary Succession and Ecosystem Rehabilitation,9780521800761

Primary Succession and Ecosystem Rehabilitation

by
Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9780521800761
ISBN10: 0521800765
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-03-24
Publisher(s): Cambridge University Press
List Price: $253.00

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Summary

Natural disturbances such as lava flows, landslides and glacial moraines, and human-damaged sites such as pavement, road edges and mine wastes often leave little or no soil or biological legacy. This book provides the first comprehensive summary of how plant, animal and microbial communities develop under the harsh conditions following such dramatic disturbances. The authors examine the basic principles that determine ecosystem development and apply the general rules to the urgent practical need for promoting the reclamation of damaged lands. Written for ecologists concerned with disturbance, landscape dynamics, restoration, life histories, invasions, modeling, soil formation and community or population dynamics, this book will also serve as an authoritative text for graduate students and a valuable reference for professionals involved in land management.

Table of Contents

Preface and acknowledgements xi
1 Introduction 1(13)
1.1 Why learn about primary succession?
1(4)
1.1.1 Humans and disturbance
2(3)
1.1.2 Human interest in ecosystem recovery
5(1)
1.2 Definitions
5(4)
1.3 Methods
9(3)
1.4 Questions that still remain
12(2)
2 Denudation: the creation of a barren substrate 14(38)
2.1 Concepts
14(5)
2.1.1 Physical environment and disturbance
14(1)
2.1.2 Definitions
15(2)
2.1.3 Plants and animals as agents of disturbance
17(1)
2.1.4 Patch dynamics
17(2)
2.2 Types of disturbance that initiate primary succession
19(33)
2.2.1 Earth
19(14)
2.2.2 Air
33(3)
2.2.3 Water
36(5)
2.2.4 Fire
41(1)
2.2.5 Humans
42(8)
2.2.6 Disturbance interactions 48
2.2.7 Summary of disturbance types
50(2)
3 Successional theory 52(36)
3.1 Introduction
52(2)
3.2 Early observations
54(1)
3.3 Holism
55(5)
3.4 Neoholism
60(2)
3.5 Phytosociology
62(1)
3.6 Reductionism
63(2)
3.7 Neo-reductionism
65(3)
3.8 Ecosystem assembly
68(2)
3.9 Models
70(16)
3.9.1 Verbal models
72(11)
3.9.2 Mathematical models
83(3)
3.10 New directions
86(2)
4 Soil development 88(45)
4.1 Background
88(1)
4.2 Environmental controls
89(6)
4.2.1 Climate
90(1)
4.2.2 Parent material
91(1)
4.2.3 Topography
92(1)
4.2.4 Erosion
93(2)
4.3 Physical and chemical properties
95(17)
4.3.1 Texture
95(3)
4.3.2 Compaction
98(2)
4.3.3 Water content
100(2)
4.3.4 pH and cations
102(3)
4.3.5 Nitrogen
105(3)
4.3.6 Phosphorus
108(4)
4.4 Soil biota
112(6)
4.4.1 Plants
112(1)
4.4.2 Soil microbes
113(2)
4.4.3 Mycorrhizae
115(2)
4.4.4 Animals
117(1)
4.5 Soil processes
118(9)
4.5.1 Nitrogen fixation
118(5)
4.5.2 Organic matter
123(4)
4.6 Spatial patterns
127(2)
4.7 Summary
129(4)
5 Life histories of early colonists 133(56)
5.1 Introduction
133(1)
5.2 Pre-dispersal considerations
133(8)
5.2.1 Pollination and seed set
134(2)
5.2.2 Seed banks
136(3)
5.2.3 Vegetative reproduction
139(2)
5.3 Dispersal
141(23)
5.3.1 Dispersal parameters
142(3)
5.3.2 Dispersal mechanisms and their consequences
145(11)
5.3.3 Barriers
156(4)
5.3.4 Predictability
160(3)
5.3.5 Dispersal conclusions
163(1)
5.4 Establishment
164(13)
5.4.1 Germination
164(6)
5.4.2 Growth
170(7)
5.5 Persistence and longevity
177(4)
5.5.1 Persistence
177(2)
5.5.2 Longevity
179(2)
5.6 Successional consequences of dispersal and establishment
181(8)
5.6.1 Under-saturated early successional communities
181(1)
5.6.2 Under-saturated late successional communities
181(2)
5.6.3 Novel species assemblages
183(1)
5.6.4 Priority effects
184(1)
5.6.5 Disharmonic communities
184(3)
5.6.7 Establishment conclusions
187(2)
6 Species interactions 189(43)
6.1 Introduction
189(2)
6.2 Plant-soil and animal-soil interactions
191(7)
6.2.1 Plant impacts on soils
191(7)
6.2.2 Animal disturbances
198(1)
6.3 Interactions among plants
198(19)
6.3.1 Facilitation
199(18)
6.3.2 Inhibition 209
6.4 Interactions between plants and other organisms
217(7)
6.4.1 Mutualisms
217(1)
6.4.2 Herbivores
218(5)
6.4.3 Parasitism
223(1)
6.5 Interactions between animals
224(2)
6.6 Net effects of interactions
226(6)
7 Successional patterns 232(50)
7.1 Types of trajectory
232(20)
7.1.1 Converging trajectories
235(5)
7.1.2 Diverging trajectories
240(3)
7.1.3 Trajectory networks
243(2)
7.1.4 Parallel trajectories
245(1)
7.1.5 Deflected trajectories
246(3)
7.1.6 Cyclic patterns and fluctuations
249(1)
7.1.7 Retrogressive trajectories
249(1)
7.1.8 Arrested trajectories
250(1)
7.1.9 Trajectory summary
251(1)
7.2 Temporal dynamics
252(6)
7.2.1 Definitions
253(1)
7.2.2 Methods of measuring rates
254(4)
7.3 Changes in biodiversity and biomass
258(3)
7.3.1 Biodiversity
258(1)
7.3.2 Stability
259(1)
7.3.3 Biomass and allocation
259(2)
7.4 Environmental feedback
261(15)
7.4.1 Moisture
262(2)
7.4.2 Temperature
264(2)
7.4.3 Nutrients
266(4)
7.4.4 Salinity
270(3)
7.4.5 Landscape factors
273(1)
7.4.6 Chronic disturbance
273(2)
7.4.7 Pollution
275(1)
7.5 Summary
276(6)
8 Applications of theory for rehabilitation 282(46)
8.1 Theory of rehabilitation ecology
282(5)
8.1.1 Introduction and definitions
282(2)
8.1.2 Interdependency between rehabilitation and ecological theory
284(3)
8.2 Rehabilitation processes
287(8)
8.2.1 Conceptual framework
287(5)
8.2.2 Planning
292(3)
8.3 Implementation
295(6)
8.3.1 Dispersal
296(1)
8.3.2 Establishment
297(3)
8.3.3 Monitoring
300(1)
8.3.4 Maintenance
301(1)
8.4 Overcoming adverse conditions
301(21)
8.4.1 Drought
302(1)
8.4.2 Hydric conditions
303(3)
8.4.3 Infertility and toxicity
306(5)
8.4.4 Salinity
311(1)
8.4.5 Extreme pH values
312(1)
8.4.6 Low temperatures
313(1)
8.4.7 Unstable substrates
314(1)
8.4.8 Alien plants
315(2)
8.4.9 Grazing
317(1)
8.4.10. Air pollution
318(1)
8.4.11 Overcoming adversity: a summary
319(3)
8.5 Feedback between theory and practice
322(5)
8.5.1 Increasing restoration rates
322(1)
8.5.2 Improving the aim
323(2)
8.5.3 Enlarging the target
325(1)
8.5.4 Summary of feedback between theory and practice
326(1)
8.6 Politics
327(1)
9 Future directions 328(15)
9.1 Paradigm shifts
328(3)
9.2 Development of standard protocols
331(2)
9.2.1 Permanent plots
331(1)
9.2.2 Removal experiments
332(1)
9.2.3 Chronosequence studies
332(1)
9.3 Questions for the future
333(4)
9.3.1 The end of succession
333(2)
9.3.2 Trajectories
335(1)
9.3.3 Predictions
336(1)
9.4 Missing data and poorly studied habitats
337(3)
9.5 Conclusions
340(3)
Glossary 343(12)
Illustration credits 355(2)
References 357(72)
Index 429

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