
Portfolio Performance Measurement and Benchmarking
by Christopherson, Jon A.; Carino, David R.; Ferson, Wayne E.Buy New
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Summary
Author Biography
.David R. Carin++o, Ph.D., is a research fellow.for Russell Investment Groups. He has published numerous.influential articles on asset allocation and performance measurement.and serves on the advisory board of The Journal of.Performance Measurement.
Wayne E. Ferson, Ph.D., holds the John L. Collins Chair in.Finance at the Carroll School of Management, Boston College.Ivadelle and Theodore Johnson Chair in Banking and Finance,.Marshall School, University of Southern California.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
What Is Performance and Benchmarking? | p. 1 |
The Basic Issue: Has Your Wealth Increased? | p. 1 |
Was the Change in Wealth Worth the Risk? | p. 2 |
Comparing Return with Alternative Investment Returns | p. 3 |
Active Investing versus Passive Investing | p. 4 |
Performance Attribution | p. 5 |
Asset Class Return Expectations | p. 7 |
The Expected Range of Returns from Different Kinds of Investments | p. 7 |
What Range of Values Is Likely to Be Encountered? | p. 8 |
Returns Without Cash Flows | p. 13 |
Portfolio Market Value | p. 13 |
Holding Period Return | p. 14 |
Linking Returns | p. 15 |
Rule of 72 | p. 17 |
Average Returns | p. 19 |
Average Return Per Period | p. 19 |
Annualized Return | p. 21 |
Compounding Frequency | p. 22 |
Expected Return | p. 24 |
Returns in the Presence of Cash Flows | p. 27 |
Cash Flows | p. 27 |
Unit Value Method | p. 28 |
Time-Weighted Return | p. 30 |
Linked Internal Rate of Return | p. 33 |
The Dietz Method | p. 36 |
Subportfolio Returns and Consistency | p. 38 |
Time-Weighted versus Money-Weighted Returns | p. 40 |
Comparing Two Portfolio Returns | p. 47 |
Excess Returns Over a Benchmark-Past Performance | p. 48 |
Compound Excess Return | p. 51 |
Situations Where the Arithmetic Excess Return Is the Appropriate Choice | p. 53 |
Recommended Practice | p. 55 |
Some Foundations | p. 57 |
The Risk-Free Rate | p. 57 |
Market Equilibrium | p. 59 |
The CAPM of Sharpe, Lintner, and Mossin | p. 60 |
Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) and Other Asset Pricing Models | p. 65 |
Estimating the Elements of the CAPM | p. 67 |
The CAPM with Constant Alpha and Beta Over Time | p. 67 |
Problems with the Use of Inappropriate Benchmarks | p. 69 |
Other Estimation Problems | p. 71 |
What Is Risk | p. 79 |
Types of Risk | p. 79 |
A Basic Measure of Risk as Volatility in Returns | p. 81 |
Measuring Bad Variation | p. 84 |
Covariance | p. 88 |
Tracking Error and Residual Risk | p. 90 |
Risk-Adjusted Return Measures | p. 93 |
Sharpe Ratio | p. 94 |
Sortino Ratio | p. 96 |
Modigliani-Modigliani Measure | p. 97 |
Jensen's Alpha | p. 99 |
Treynor's Measure | p. 100 |
Appraisal Ratio and Information Ratio | p. 101 |
Comparing the Risk-Adjusted Measures | p. 102 |
Fixed-Income Risk | p. 105 |
Duration: Macaulay, Modified, and Effective Duration | p. 107 |
Convexity | p. 111 |
Prepayment Risk for Mortgages and Callables | p. 113 |
Issuer-specific Risk, Default Risk, and Correlated Default Risk | p. 114 |
Conditional Performance Evaluation | p. 117 |
Models for Performance Measurement | p. 119 |
Logic of Conditional Performance Evaluation | p. 119 |
Unconditional Alphas and Betas | p. 121 |
Time-Varying Conditional Betas | p. 122 |
Time-Varying Conditional Alphas | p. 123 |
Benchmark Portfolios | p. 125 |
Implications for Investors | p. 126 |
Market Timing | p. 127 |
Merton-Henriksson Market Timing Model | p. 127 |
Treynor-Mazuy Model | p. 129 |
Up-Down Market Model: Up Market versus Down Market Beta | p. 133 |
The Problem of Non-Timing-Related Nonlinearities | p. 133 |
Factor Models | p. 137 |
The Single Index Model | p. 137 |
Multiple Factor Models | p. 138 |
Factor Model Analytics | p. 140 |
A Simple Example | p. 141 |
Factors of Equity Returns in the United States | p. 147 |
Various Factor Model Factors | p. 147 |
The Barra Factors | p. 150 |
Factor-Mimicking Portfolios: High-Low Approach and Factor Extraction Approach | p. 154 |
Factor Model (Barra) Performance Attribution | p. 157 |
Attribution "Executive Summary" | p. 158 |
Total Annualized Attribution Chart | p. 160 |
Annual Attribution Report | p. 162 |
Annualized Contributions to Risk Indexes | p. 164 |
Industries: Top-10 and Bottom-10 Contributors to Active Return | p. 166 |
Asset Selection: Annualized Attribution | p. 169 |
Contributions to Return | p. 171 |
Performance Attribution | p. 177 |
Sector-Based Attribution Framework | p. 178 |
Single-Period Arithmetic Sector-Based Attribution | p. 182 |
Linking Attribution Effects | p. 191 |
Multiperiod Contributions to Return | p. 192 |
Excess Return Recursion | p. 197 |
An Idealized Attribution System | p. 199 |
Logarithmic Linking Coefficients | p. 202 |
A Link to Recursive Methods | p. 204 |
Other Methods | p. 205 |
Example | p. 207 |
Other Topics | p. 210 |
Notes | p. 212 |
References | p. 213 |
Benchmarks and Knowledge | p. 215 |
Peer Universes | p. 216 |
Passive Market Indexes | p. 221 |
Manager-Specific Stock-Matching Benchmark: Normal Portfolios | p. 223 |
For What Should a Manager Be Given Credit? | p. 228 |
Elements of a Desirable Benchmark | p. 231 |
Origins of U.S. Equity Benchmarks | p. 231 |
The Fundamental Meaning and Purposes of a Financial Index | p. 233 |
Where You Stand on the "Best" Indexes Depends on Where You Sit | p. 235 |
The Best Index Is Based on Four Principles of Useful Indexes | p. 238 |
Desirability Trade-Offs | p. 241 |
Issues with Index Construction | p. 243 |
The Paradox of Asset Management | p. 245 |
Index Weighting | p. 247 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Capitalization Weighting | p. 248 |
Portfolio Equity Characteristics: Capitalization Weighting versus Equal Weighting | p. 251 |
Challenges to Capitalization Weighting | p. 253 |
Practical Issues with Building Indexes | p. 259 |
Index Calculations | p. 259 |
Decisions That Have to Be Made by the Index Creator | p. 264 |
Russell U.S. Equity Index Construction | p. 266 |
Styles, Factors, and Equity Benchmarks | p. 275 |
Defining Equity Style | p. 275 |
Types of Equity Styles | p. 278 |
Evidence of Styles | p. 284 |
Historical Perspective on Styles | p. 286 |
CAPM, Factor Models, and the Behavior of Styles | p. 287 |
Which Equity Style Is Best? | p. 288 |
Equity Style Indexes: Tools for Better Performance Evaluation and Plan Management | p. 293 |
Introduction | p. 293 |
Style Definitions | p. 294 |
Performance Evaluation and Styles | p. 296 |
Style Index Construction | p. 299 |
Validation of Style Indexes | p. 302 |
Uses of the Style Indexes | p. 308 |
Conclusion | p. 311 |
Russell Style Index Methodology | p. 313 |
Style Index Algorithm | p. 314 |
Rationale for Key Features | p. 320 |
U.S. Equity Benchmarks | p. 325 |
S&P and S&P/Citigroup Family of Indexes | p. 326 |
Dow Jones Indexes | p. 328 |
Russell Indexes | p. 329 |
MSCI Family of Indexes | p. 331 |
CRSP Composite and Decile Indexes | p. 333 |
Other Indexes: NYSE and NASDAQ Indexes | p. 334 |
Comparing Index Construction Issues | p. 335 |
Index Comparisons | p. 340 |
Conclusion | p. 346 |
Global and International Equity Benchmarks | p. 347 |
Global versus International | p. 347 |
MSCI Index Family | p. 350 |
Dow Jones Global Indexes | p. 353 |
S&P/Citigroup Global Indexes | p. 354 |
FTSE Index Family | p. 357 |
Russell/Nomura Indexes | p. 359 |
Russell Global Indexes | p. 363 |
Conclusion | p. 371 |
Fixed-Income Benchmarks | p. 373 |
Fixed-Income Benchmark Construction Difficulties | p. 373 |
Barclays Capital Family of Global Fixed-Income Indexes | p. 377 |
Merrill Lynch Fixed-Income Index Family | p. 383 |
J.P. Morgan Family of Fixed-Income Indexes | p. 385 |
Real Estate Benchmarks | p. 387 |
Real Estate Index Construction Issues | p. 388 |
Private Real Estate Indexes | p. 400 |
Publicly Traded Real Estate Security Indexes | p. 403 |
Hedge Fund Universes | p. 409 |
Hedge Funds as Absolute Return Strategies | p. 409 |
Hedge Fund Indexes | p. 412 |
Building a Good Hedge Fund Index | p. 412 |
Inherent Problems with Universes of Hedge Funds | p. 414 |
Available Hedge Fund Indexes | p. 416 |
Determining Investment Style | p. 421 |
Approaches to the Style Classification Problem | p. 422 |
Effective Mix: A Returns-Based Methodology | p. 426 |
Effective Mix Limitations and Maximizing Usefulness | p. 433 |
Conclusion | p. 448 |
GIPS: Global Investment Performance Standards | p. 449 |
The Reason for GIPS | p. 449 |
Overview of GIPS | p. 451 |
Index | p. 453 |
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