Physics of Ionized Gases

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Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2001-03-30
Publisher(s): Wiley-VCH
List Price: $266.66

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Summary

A comprehensive textbook and reference for the study of the physics of ionized gases The intent of this book is to provide deep physical insight into the behavior of gases containing atoms and molecules from which one or more electrons have been ionized. The study of these so-called plasmas begins with an overview of plasmas as they are found in nature and created in the laboratory. This serves as a prelude to a comprehensive study of plasmas, beginning with low temperature and "ideal" plasmas and extending to radiation and particle transport phenomena, the response of plasmas to external fields, and an insightful treatment of plasma waves, plasma instabilities, nonlinear phenomena in plasmas, and the study of plasma interactions with surfaces. In all cases, the emphasis is on a clear and unified understanding of the basic physics that underlies all plasma phenomena. Thus, there are chapters on plasma behavior from the viewpoint of atomic and molecular physics, as well as on the macroscopic phenomena involved in physical kinetics of plasmas and the transport of radiation and of charged particles within plasmas. With this grounding in the fundamental physics of plasmas, the notoriously difficult subjects of nonlinear phenomena and of instabilities in plasmas are then treated with comprehensive clarity.

Author Biography

BORIS M. SMIRNOV heads a division of the Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He is the author of approximately 30 books and 300 research articles in plasma physics, atomic physics, and atomic clusters. He is Associate Editor of the journal Russian Physics-Uspekhi and Vice Chairman of the Russian Council on Low Temperature Plasma.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
Plasma in Nature and in Laboratory Systems
1(17)
Plasma as a State of Matter
1(3)
Methods of Plasma Generation
4(3)
Plasmas in Laboratory Devices
7(3)
Plasma in Contemporary Technology
10(2)
Terrestrial Atmospheric Plasma
12(2)
Solar Plasma
14(2)
Plasma with a Condensed Phase
16(2)
Statistics of a Weakly Ionized Gas
18(18)
Distribution Functions
18(1)
The Boltzmann Distribution
19(2)
Statistical Weight of a State and Distributions of Particles in Gases
21(2)
The Maxwell Distribution
23(1)
The Saha Distribution
24(2)
Dissociative Equilibrium in Molecular Gases
26(1)
Laws of Blackbody Radiation
26(2)
Ionization Equilibrium in an Aerosol Plasma
28(2)
Thermoemission of Electrons
30(1)
The Treanor Effect
31(3)
Normal Distribution
34(2)
The Ideal Plasma
36(9)
Conditions for an Ideal Plasma
36(1)
Charged Particles in a Gas
37(1)
Penetration of Electric Fields into Plasmas
37(2)
Definition of a Plasma
39(1)
Oscillations of Plasma Electrons
40(1)
Interactions in Ideal Plasmas
41(1)
Beam Plasma
42(3)
Elementary Plasma Process
45(18)
Particle Collisions in Plasmas
45(1)
Elastic Collisions
46(3)
Hard-Sphere Model
49(1)
Capture Cross Section
50(2)
Total Scattering Cross Section
52(1)
Gaseous-State Criterion
53(1)
Slow Inelastic Collisions
54(2)
Autoionizing and Autodetaching States in Collision Processes
56(3)
Types of Elementary Process
59(4)
Processes Involving Charged Particles
63(14)
Atomic Ionization by Electron Impact
63(2)
Collision of Two Charged Particles in a Plasma
65(1)
Mutual Recombination of Positive and Negative Ions
66(1)
Three-Body Collision Processes
67(2)
Three-Body Recombination of Electrons and Ions
69(1)
Three-Body Recombination of Positive and Negative Ions
70(1)
Stepwise Ionization of Atoms
71(2)
Dissociative Recombination
73(1)
Dielectronic Recombination
74(1)
Charge-Exchange Processes
75(2)
Rarefied and Dense Plasmas
77(14)
Criteria for an Ideal Plasma
77(2)
Conditions for Ideal Equilibrium Plasmas
79(1)
Instability of Two-Component Strongly Coupled Plasmas
80(2)
Special Features of Strongly Coupled Plasmas
82(1)
Quantum Plasmas
83(3)
Ideal Electron-Gas and Ion-Gas Systems
86(1)
Decrease of the Atomic Ionization Potential in Plasmas
87(2)
Interactions and Structures in Dusty Plasmas
89(2)
Radiative Processes in Weakly Ionized Gases
91(22)
Interaction of Radiation with Atomic Systems
91(1)
Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission
92(2)
Broadening of Spectral Lines
94(2)
Impact Broadening of Spectral Lines
96(2)
Statistical Broadening of Spectral Lines
98(3)
Cross Sections for Photon Emission and Absorption
101(1)
The Absorption Coefficient
102(1)
Propagation of Resonant Radiation through a Gas
103(2)
Self-Reversal of Spectral Lines
105(1)
Photoresonant Plasma
106(3)
Radiation from the Solar Photosphere
109(4)
Excited Atoms in Gases and Plasmas
113(10)
Excitation and Quenching of Excited States by Electron Impact
113(2)
Equilibrium of Resonantly Excited Atoms in a Plasma
115(1)
Lifetimes of Resonantly Excited Atoms in a Plasma
116(1)
Stepwise Ionization through Resonantly Excited States
117(1)
Associative Ionization and the Penning Process
118(1)
Processes Involving Formation of a Long-Lived Complex
119(2)
Excimer Molecules
121(2)
Physical Kinetics of Gases and Plasmas
123(24)
The Boltzmann Kinetic Equation
123(2)
Macroscopic Gas Equations
125(2)
Equation of State
127(2)
Collision Integral
129(1)
Macroscopic Equation for Ion Motion in a Gas
130(2)
Collision Integral for Electrons in a Gas
132(2)
Electrons in a Gas in an External Electric Field
134(2)
Electron Equilibrium in a Gas
136(2)
The Landau Collision Integral
138(4)
Excitation of Atoms in a Plasma
142(5)
Transport Phenomena in Gases
147(17)
Transport of Particles in Gases
147(2)
Diffusive Particle Motion
149(1)
Diffusion of Electrons in Gases
150(2)
The Einstein Relation
152(1)
Heat Transport
153(1)
Thermal Conductivity Due to Internal Degrees of Freedom
154(1)
Thermal Capacity of Molecules
155(2)
Momentum Transport
157(1)
The Navier-Stokes Equation
157(1)
Thermal Diffusion of Electrons
158(2)
Electron Thermal Conductivity
160(4)
Charged-Particle Transport in Gases
164(13)
Mobility of Charged Particles
164(1)
Mobility of Ions in a Foreign Gas
165(1)
Mobility of Ions in the Parent Gas
166(2)
Energetic Townsend Coefficient
168(2)
Conductivity of a Weakly Ionized Gas
170(1)
Conductivity of a Strongly Ionized Plasma
170(1)
Ambipolar Diffusion
171(2)
Electrophoresis
173(1)
Recombination of Ions in Dense Gases
174(1)
Gas-density Dependence of the Ionic Recombination Coefficient
175(2)
Small Particles in Plasmas
177(28)
Plasmas with Dispersed Inclusions
177(2)
Polarizability of Small Particles
179(1)
Absorption Cross Section for Small Particles
180(3)
Mobility of Large Clusters
183(1)
Recombination Coefficient of Small Charged Clusters
184(1)
Multicharged Clusters in Hot Gases and Plasmas
184(2)
Charging of Small Particles in a Plasma
186(1)
Charged Particles in an Aerosol Plasma
187(3)
Electric Fields in Aerosol Plasmas
190(1)
Electric Processes in Clouds
190(2)
Size Distribution of Clusters in Gases
192(2)
Critical Size of Clusters
194(1)
Clusters in Hot, Weakly Ionized Gas
195(1)
Kinetics of Cluster Processes in the Parent Vapor
196(4)
Coagulation of Clusters in Expanding Gas
200(1)
Metallic Clusters in Arc Plasmas
201(2)
Instability in a Cluster Plasma
203(2)
Plasma in External Fields
205(20)
Motion of an Electron in a Gas in External Fields
205(1)
Conductivity of a Weakly Ionized Gas
206(1)
Dielectric Constant of a Weakly Ionized Gas
207(1)
Plasma in a Time-Dependent Electric Field
208(2)
The Hall Effect
210(2)
Cyclotron Resonance
212(1)
Motion of Charged Particles in a Nonuniform Magnetic Field
213(3)
Excitation of a Weakly Ionized Gas by External Fields
216(2)
Magnetohydrodynamic Equations
218(1)
High-Conductivity Plasma in a Magnetic Field
219(2)
Pinch Effect
221(1)
Skin Effect
222(1)
Reconnection of Magnetic Lines of Force
223(2)
Instabilities of Excited Gases
225(24)
Convective Instability of Gases
225(1)
The Rayleigh Problem
226(3)
Convective Movement of Gases
229(1)
Convective Heat Transport
230(2)
Instability of Convective Motion
232(2)
Thermal Explosion
234(2)
Thermal Waves
236(6)
Vibrational-Relaxation Thermal Waves
242(3)
Ozone-Decomposition Thermal Waves
245(4)
Waves in Plasmas
249(13)
Acoustic Oscillations
249(2)
Plasma Oscillations
251(2)
Ion Sound
253(2)
Magnetohydrodynamic Waves
255(1)
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas
256(1)
The Faraday Effect for Plasmas
257(2)
Whistlers
259(3)
Plasma Instabilities
262(10)
Damping of Plasma Oscillations in Ionized Gases
262(1)
Interaction between Plasma Oscillations and Electrons
263(2)
Attenuation Factor for Waves in Plasmas
265(2)
Beam-Plasma Instability
267(2)
The Buneman Instability
269(1)
Hydrodynamic Instabilities
270(2)
Nonlinear Phenomena in Plasmas
272(12)
The Lighthill Criterion
272(1)
The Korteweg-de Vries Equation
273(2)
Solitions
275(1)
Langmuir Soliton
276(1)
Nonlinear Ion Sound
277(2)
Parametric Instability
279(5)
Ionization Instabilities and Plasma Structures
284(20)
Drift Waves
284(1)
Ionization Instability from Thermal Effects
285(2)
Ionization Instability of a Plasma in a Magnetic Field
287(2)
Attachment Instability of a Molecular Gas
289(2)
Electric Domain
291(3)
Striations
294(4)
Characteristics of Striation Formation
298(3)
Current-Convective Instability
301(3)
Atmospheric Plasmas
304(17)
Special Features of Atmospheric Plasmas
304(3)
The Earth as an Electrical System
307(2)
Lightning
309(2)
Prebreakdown Phenomena in the Atmosphere
311(2)
Ionosphere
313(3)
Atomic Oxygen in the Upper Atmosphere
316(2)
Ions in the Upper Atmosphere
318(3)
Gas-Discharge Plasmas
321(29)
Properties of Gas-Discharge Plasmas
321(1)
Electrons in the Positive Column of a Glow Discharge
322(3)
Double Layer
325(1)
Thermal Regime of Gas Discharges
326(1)
Positive Column of a Gas Discharge at High Pressure
327(7)
Positive Column of Low-Pressure Discharges
334(4)
Ignition Conditions for Low-Current Discharges
338(2)
Breakdown of Gases
340(2)
Cathode Region of a Glow Discharge
342(4)
Contraction of the Positive Column of a Glow Discharge
346(1)
Plasma Hardening
347(3)
Plasma Interactions with Surfaces
350(16)
Cathode Sputtering and Its Uses
350(3)
Laser Vaporization
353(4)
Etching
357(1)
Explosive Emission
358(3)
Secondary Electron Emission
361(1)
Quenching of Excited Particles on Walls
362(4)
Conclusions
366(1)
Appendices 367(7)
Bibliography 374(3)
Index 377

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