Past Climate Variability Through Europe And Africa

by Battarbee, R. W.; Gasse, Francoise; Stickley, Catherine E.

ISBN13: 9781402021206

ISBN10: 1402021208

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2005-04-30

Publisher(s): Kluwer Academic Pub

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Summary

This book provides a major synthesis of evidence for past climate variability at the regional and continental scale across Europe and Africa. It focuses on two complementary time-scales, the Holocene (approximately the last 11,500 years) and the last glacial-interglacial cycle (approximately the last 130,000 years). An overview of the climate system of the past has never been attempted before on this scale, and, as such, the volume represents a benchmark for future research. It is written by an expert group of climate change scientists and presents an insight into past climate variability that challenges climatologists who seek to explain climate dynamics of the past and provides climate modellers with a work of reference for data-model comparison. The book is an advanced but very readable text essential for all students and scientists interested in global environmental change.

Published and Forthcoming Titles in the Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series

xiii

Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series

List of Contributors

xvii

1. Introduction

(6)

F. Gasse and R.W. Battarbee

The contemporary climate system

(2)

Past climate change questions

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(1)

2. Archives and Proxies along the PEP III Transect

(24)

F. Oldfzeld and R. Thompson

Introduction

(1)

The main archives

(11)

Climate proxies

(2)

Chronologies and temporal resolution

(1)

Proxies, ecosystems and people

(1)

Summary

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(8)

3. Oceanic Climate Variability at Millennial Time-Scales: Models of Climate Connections

(14)

L. Vidal and H. Arz

Introduction

(1)

Spatial distribution of climate variability during the last glacial

(3)

Transfer of the climate signal

(4)

Conclusions and outlook

(1)

Summary

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(5)

4. Between Agulhas and Benguela: responses of Southern African climates of the Late Pleistocene to current fluxes, orbital precession and the extent of the Circum-Antarctic vortex

(24)

T.C. Partridge, L. Scott and R.R. Schneider

Introduction

(2)

The primacy of precessional forcing during isotope stage 6

(4)

Glimpses of the Eemian

(1)

The early Last Glacial

(7)

The Last Glacial Maximum

(2)

Deglaciation

(2)

Summary

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(5)

5. Holocene climatic trends and rhythms in southern Africa

(24)

L. Scott and J.A. Lee-Thorp

Introduction

(3)

Evidence for the millennial scale climate and vegetation change during the Holocene

(9)

Evidence for sub-millennial variability

(1)

Mechanism of environmental change on different temporal scales

(3)

Demographic responses

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Summary

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(6)

6. Diatom productivity in Northern Lake Malawi during the past 25,000 years: implications for the position of the intertropical convergence zone at millennial and shorter time scales

(24)

T.C. Johnson, E.T. Brown, and J. McManus

Introduction

(1)

Lake Malawi

(3)

Methods

(1)

Results

(9)

Discussion

107

(4)

Summary

111

(3)

Acknowledgments

114

(1)

References

114

(3)

7. Late Quaternary climatic variability in intertropical Africa

117

(22)

P. Barker, M.R. Talbot, F.A. Street-Perrott, F. Marret, J. Scourse and E. Odada

Introduction

118

(1)

Climate forcing factors and contemporary processes

118

(2)

From marine isotope stage 6 to the LGM

120

(4)

Intertropical Africa since the LGM

124

(3)

Holocene events

127

(2)

Conclusions

129

(1)

Summary

130

(3)

Acknowledgments

133

(1)

References

133

(6)

8. Decadal and century-scale climate variability in tropical Africa during the past 2000 years

139

(20)

D. Verschuren

Introduction

139

(1)

High-resolution climate-proxy archives in tropical Africa

140

(3)

Decadal and century-scale climate change reflected in African lake levels

143

(6)

Evidence for temperature change in Africa during the past 2000 years

149

(3)

Summary and concluding remarks

152

(1)

Acknowledgments

153

(1)

References

153

(6)

9. Late Quaternary climate changes in the Horn of Africa

159

(22)

M. Umer, D. Legesse, F. Gasse, R. Bonnefille, H.F. Lamb, M.J. Leng and A. Lamb

Introduction

160

(1)

Major climatic, vegetation and hydrological features

160

(3)

Millennial-scale climate changes during the last glaciation

163

(2)

Climate changes over the past 15.000 cal. years

165

(6)

Century, decadal, and interannual climatic variations

171

(3)

Summary

174

(1)

Acknowledgments

175

(1)

References

175

(6)

10. Palaeoenvironments, palaeoclimates and landscape development in Atlantic Equatorial Africa: a review of key sites covering the last 25 kyrs

181

(18)

H. Elenga, J. Maley, A. Vincens and I. Farrera

Introduction

181

(3)

Results and discussion

184

(8)

Conclusions

192

(1)

Summary

193

(1)

Acknowledgments

193

(1)

References

193

(6)

11. Aspects of Nigerian coastal vegetation in the Holocene: some recent insights

199

(20)

M.A. Sowunmi

Introduction

199

(2)

Materials and methods

201

(1)

Present-day environments of the site

202

(2)

Results and discussion

204

(9)

Conclusion

213

(1)

Summary

214

(1)

Acknowledgments

215

(1)

References

215

(4)

12. Palaeoenvironmental changes in the arid and sub arid belt (Sahara-Sahel-Arabian Peninsula) from 150 kyr to present

219

(38)

P. Hoelzmann, F. Gasse, L.M. Dupont, U. Salzmann, M. Staubwasser, D.C. Leuschner and F. Sirocko

Introduction

220

(1)

Lacustrine records and other near-surface palaeohydrological indicators

221

(10)

Vegetational changes

231

(6)

Evolution of the South Asian monsoon since the penultimate glaciation

237

(3)

Discussion and conclusions

240

(4)

Summary

244

(1)

Acknowledgments

244

(1)

References

245

(12)

13. Historical chronology of ENSO and the Nile flood record

257

(22)

L. Ortlieb

Introduction

257

(2)

The historical El Niño chronologies in South America

259

(9)

The Nile flood historical record

268

(3)

Discussion

271

(2)

Summary

273

(1)

Acknowledgments

273

(1)

References

273

(6)

14. Groundwater as an archive of climatic and environmental change: Europe to Africa

279

(28)

W.M. Edmunds, A. Dodo, D. Djoret, F. Gasse, C.B. Gaye, I.B. Goni, Y. Travi, K. Zouari and G.M. Zuppi

Introduction

280

(1)

Tools for groundwater archive studies

281

(1)

Unsaturated zone archives in northern Africa

282

(3)

Main aquifers

285

(8)

Examples of groundwater age relationships relating to climate

293

(4)

Discussion

297

(4)

Conclusions

301

(1)

Summary

301

(1)

Acknowledgments

302

(1)

References

302

(5)

15. Mediterranean Sea palaeohydrology and pluvial periods during the Late Quaternary

307

(18)

N. Kallel, J. Duplessy, L. Labeyrie, M. Fontugne and M. Paterne

Introduction

308

(1)

Methods

309

(1)

Tyrrhenian Sea SST and SSS variation during the last 18.000 years

310

(5)

Hydrology of the Mediterranean Sea during the last sapropel

315

(2)

Hydrological conditions associated with sapropel occurrences in the Mediterranean Sea during the last 200.000 years

317

(2)

Correlation with continental records and conclusions

319

(1)

Summary

320

(1)

Acknowledgments

320

(1)

References

320

(5)

16. Palaeoenvironmental changes in the Mediterranean region 250-10 kyr BP

325

(18)

D. Magri, N. Kallel and B. Narcisi

Introduction

325

(1)

The Mediterranean region: modern climatic variability

325

(2)

Palaeoenvironmental proxy-data: archives and approaches

327

(3)

Timescales of palaeoenvironmental variability

330

(4)

Discussion and highlights of prospective research development

334

(1)

Summary

335

(1)

Acknowledgments

335

(1)

References

336

(7)

17. Holocene climate, environment and cultural change in the circum-Mediterranean region

343

(20)

N. Roberts, A.C. Stevenson, B. Davis, R. Cheddadi, S. Brewer and A. Rosen

Introduction

344

(1)

Data sources

344

(1)

Recent and historic climate variability

345

(2)

Pollen records of vegetation change since the mid-Holocene

347

(4)

Climatic reconstruction since the mid-Holocene

351

(2)

Cultural impacts and abrupt climatic change

353

(3)

Conclusions

356

(1)

Summary

357

(1)

Acknowledgments

358

(1)

References

358

(5)

18. Speleothems as palaeoclimate indicators, a case study from Soreq Cave located in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Israel

363

(30)

M. Bar-Matthews and A. Ayalon

Introduction

363

(1)

Geological and hydrological setting of the Soreq Cave (Israel)

364

(2)

Methods of study

366

(1)

The isotopic composition of rain, cave water and modern speleothems

367

(5)

The isotopic composition of fossil speleothems

372

(5)

Discussion

377

(7)

Summary

384

(1)

Acknowledgments

385

(1)

References

385

(8)

19. Climatic and environmental variability in the Mid-Latitude Europe sector during the last interglacial-glacial cycle

393

(24)

J.J. Vandenberghe, J.J. Lowe, R. Coope, T. Litt and L. Zöller

Introduction

394

(2)

Variations in climate in Mid-Latitude Europe during the last interglacial-glacial cycle

396

(11)

New developments and potentials

407

(3)

Challenges for future work

410

(1)

Summary

410

(1)

Acknowledgments

411

(1)

References

411

(6)

20. Atlantic to Urals - the Holocene climatic record of Mid-Latitude Europe

417

(26)

K. Barber, B. Zolitschka, P. Tarasov and A.F. Lotter

Introduction and rationale

417

(2)

The nature of the records and the major climatic phases and events

419

(13)

Discussion

432

(2)

Summary

434

(1)

Acknowledgments

434

(1)

References

434

(9)

21. Climate variability during the last interglacial-glacial cycle in NW Eurasia

443

(22)

M. Saarnisto and J.P. Lunkka

Introduction

443

(1)

Dating

444

(1)

Eurasian glacier fluctuations during the Weichselian Stage with special emphasis on fluctuations of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet

445

(5)

Vegetation and climate during the last interglacial-glacial cycle

450

(6)

Palaeohydrology

456

(3)

Discussion

459

(1)

Summary

459

(1)

References

460

(5)

22. Holocene climate dynamics in Fennoscandia and the North Atlantic

465

(30)

I. Snowball, A. Korhola, K.R. Briffa and N. Koç

Introduction

465

(1)

Climate forcing

466

(3)

The northern instrumental climate record

469

(3)

Dendroclimatic studies in northwest Eurasia - the last two millennia

472

(1)

Glacier dynamics: has the North always been frozen?

473

(2)

Quantative reconstructions of climate parameters

475

(6)

Synthesis

481

(3)

Climatic cycles and periodicities

484

(1)

Lessons learnt from the northern experience and future challenges

485

(1)

Summary

486

(1)

Acknowledgments

487

(1)

References

487

(8)

23. Recent developments in Holocene climate modelling

495

(20)

H. Renssen, P. Braconnot, S.F.B. Tett, H. Von Storch and S.L. Weber

Introduction

496

(1)

Different types of models

496

(2)

Different types of experiments

498

(1)

Holocene climate modelling studies

499

(1)

Scale differences between models and palaeo-data

500

(1)

Recent examples

501

(8)

Conclusion

509

(1)

Summary

509

(1)

Acknowledgments

509

(1)

References

510

(5)

24. Evaluation of PMIP coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations of the Mid-Holocene

515

(20)

P. Braconnot, S.P. Harrison, S. Joussaume, C.D. Hewitt, A. Kitoch, J.E. Kutzbach, Z. Liu, B. Otto-Bliesner, J. Syktus and S.L. Weber

Introduction

516

(2)

PMIP experimental design and coupled models

518

(3)

Large scale changes in simulated climate

521

(3)

Global mid-holocene palaeoenvironmental data sets

524

(3)

Methodology for model-data comparisons

527

(1)

Evaluation of AGCM and OAGCM simulations of the African monsoon using palaeoenvironmental data

528

(1)

Implications for the future

529

(1)

Acknowledgments

529

(1)

References

530

(5)

25. Famine, climate and crisis in Western Uganda

535

(16)

P. Robertshaw, D. Taylor, S. Doyle and R. Marchant

Introduction

535

(1)

Study area

536

(2)

Climate variability and societal change in Bunyoro

538

(7)

Discussion

545

(1)

Summary

546

(1)

Acknowledgments

547

(1)

References

547

(4)

26. Palaeo-research in Africa: relevance to sustainable environmental management and significance for the future

551

(16)

D. Olago and E. Odada

Introduction

551

(1)

Role and significance of palaeo-research in Africa

552

(1)

Relevance to present and future sustainable environmental management

553

(7)

Conclusions

560

(1)

Summary

560

(2)

Acknowledgments

562

(1)

References

562

(5)

27. Climate Variability in Europe and Africa: a PAGES-PEP III Time Stream I Synthesis

567

(16)

D. Verschuren, K.R. Briffa, P. Hoelzmann, K. Barber, P. Barker, L. Scott, I. Snowball, N. Roberts and R.W. Battarbee

Introduction

568

(1)

Patterns of Holocene climate change in Europe and Africa

569

(7)

Challenges of high-resolution climate reconstruction

576

(4)

Summary and concluding remarks

580

(1)

References

581

(2)

28. Climate Variability in Europe and Africa: a PAGES-PEP III Time Stream II Synthesis

583

(22)

T.C. Partridge, J.J Lowe, P. Barker, P. Hoelzman, D. Magri, M. Saarnisto, J. Vandenberghe, F.A. Street-Perrott and F. Gasse

Introduction

584

(2)

The NW Eurasian ice-sheets

586

(2)

The periglaciated zone of Mid-Latitude Europe

588

(1)

The Mediterranean region

589

(2)

Sahara-Sahel-Arabian Peninsula

591

(1)

Inter-tropical Africa

592

(1)

Southern Africa

593

(2)

Conclusions

595

(3)

Future work: recommendations of relevance to the PAGES scientific agenda

598

(1)

References

599

(6)

List of all abbreviations

605

(6)

General Index

611

(8)

Geographical Index

619

(6)

APPENDIX Color version of plates 1 - 11

625

Past Climate Variability Through Europe And Africa

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