Preface |
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Introduction to the Organic Laboratory |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (7) |
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8 | (4) |
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12 | (11) |
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23 | (16) |
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Solvents for Crystallization |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (7) |
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33 | (6) |
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39 | (10) |
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Characteristics of Melting Points |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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Steps in Determining a Melting Point |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (4) |
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49 | (22) |
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50 | (1) |
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Distribution Coefficients |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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Chemically Active Extraction |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (4) |
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Additional Techniques Used in Extractions |
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62 | (4) |
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Other Extraction Techniques |
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66 | (5) |
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71 | (6) |
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Extraction with Aqueous Sodium Chloride |
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71 | (1) |
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Solid Inorganic Drying Agents |
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71 | (1) |
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Procedure for Using Solid Inorganic Drying Agents |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (4) |
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77 | (16) |
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Characteristics of Distillation |
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77 | (7) |
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Steps in a Simple Distillation |
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84 | (4) |
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Microscale and Semi--Microscale Distillation |
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88 | (5) |
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93 | (6) |
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Efficiency of the Fractionation Column |
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93 | (2) |
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Steps in Fractional Distillation |
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95 | (1) |
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Microscale Fractional Distillation |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (8) |
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Boiling Point and Pressure |
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99 | (1) |
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Apparatus for Simple Vacuum Distillation |
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100 | (4) |
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Steps in Vacuum Distillation |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (4) |
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Characteristics of Steam Distillation |
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107 | (1) |
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Amount of Water Needed in a Steam Distillation |
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108 | (1) |
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Apparatus for Steam Distillation |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (4) |
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Correcting for Temperature Differences |
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116 | (1) |
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Steps in Using a Refractometer |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (14) |
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Gravity Column Chromatography |
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120 | (6) |
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Flash Chromatography (Macroscale) |
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126 | (2) |
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Flash Chromatography (Microscale) |
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128 | (2) |
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) |
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130 | (3) |
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Thin-Layer Chromatography |
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133 | (8) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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A Related Technique: Paper Chromatography |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (12) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (4) |
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147 | (1) |
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Problems Encountered in GC |
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148 | (1) |
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Uses of Gas Chromatograms |
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149 | (4) |
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Carrying Out Typical Reactions |
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153 | (10) |
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153 | (1) |
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Heating Reaction Mixtures |
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154 | (2) |
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Controlling Exothermic Reactions |
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156 | (1) |
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Adding Reagents to a Reaction Mixture |
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157 | (1) |
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Excluding Moisture from a Reaction Mixture |
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158 | (1) |
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Setting Up a Three-Neck Reaction Flask |
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159 | (2) |
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Hydrogen Halide Gas Traps |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (16) |
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163 | (1) |
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Absorption of Infrared Radiation |
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164 | (1) |
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Interpreting Infrared Spectra |
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164 | (1) |
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Identifying Types of Compounds |
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165 | (8) |
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Preparing a Sample for an Infrared Spectrum |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (3) |
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Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy |
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179 | (18) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (10) |
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Use of Deuterium in Proton NMR Spectroscopy |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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Preparing Samples for NMR Spectra |
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193 | (4) |
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197 | (6) |
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Introduction to the Chemical Literature |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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201 | (2) |
Appendix I Commonly Used Calculations |
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203 | (6) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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5 Percent Yields and Theoretical Yields |
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206 | (3) |
Appendix II Elemental Analyses |
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209 | (4) |
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1 Determining the Empirical Formula |
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209 | (1) |
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2 Determining the Molecular Formula |
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210 | (1) |
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3 Interpreting the Results of Elemental Analysis |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
Appendix III Health Hazards of Compounds Used in Organic Chemistry |
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213 | |
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1 Where to Find Chemical Hazard Information |
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213 | |
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2 Understanding Health Hazard Warnings |
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216 | |