| Preface |
|
xiii | |
| Acknowledgements |
|
xiv | |
|
|
|
1 | (27) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
From abstract meaning to contextual meaning |
|
|
2 | (14) |
|
Assigning sense in context |
|
|
5 | (3) |
|
Assigning reference in context |
|
|
8 | (4) |
|
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Interaction of sense, reference and structure |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
Ambiguity and intentionality |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
Utterance meaning: first level of speaker meaning |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
Importance of utterance meaning |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
Force: the second level of speaker meaning |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
Understanding both utterance meaning and force |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
Understanding utterance meaning but not force |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
Understanding force but not utterance meaning |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
Understanding neither utterance meaning nor force |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Interrelationship of utterance meaning and force |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Definitions of pragmatics (revisited) |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Pragmatics: meaning in interaction |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
|
23 | (5) |
|
|
|
28 | (27) |
|
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Ordinary language philosophy |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Logical positivism and truth conditional semantics |
|
|
29 | (3) |
|
The performative hypothesis |
|
|
32 | (17) |
|
Metalinguistic performatives |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
Explicit reference to felicity conditions |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
Collaborative performatives |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Cross-cultural differences in use of performatives |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Collapse of Austin's performative hypothesis |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
The grammatical distinctiveness of performatives |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Do performatives always perform actions? |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
How to do things without performative verbs |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
Explicit and implicit performatives |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
Locution, illocution, perlocution |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
|
51 | (4) |
|
Conversational implicature |
|
|
55 | (32) |
|
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
|
57 | (4) |
|
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Conversational implicature |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
Implicature and inference |
|
|
58 | (3) |
|
The Cooperative Principle |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
The four conversational maxims |
|
|
63 | (2) |
|
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Non-observance of the maxims |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
|
65 | (7) |
|
Flouts necessitated by a clash between maxims |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
Flouts which exploit a maxim |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Flouts exploiting the maxim of Quality |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
Flouts exploiting the maxim of Quantity |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
Flouts exploiting the maxim of Relation |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
Flouts exploiting the maxim of Manner |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Other categories of non-observance of the conversational maxims |
|
|
72 | (6) |
|
|
|
72 | (2) |
|
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
|
|
78 | (6) |
|
Non-detachability and non-conventionality |
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
|
|
80 | (2) |
|
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
|
|
84 | (3) |
|
|
|
87 | (32) |
|
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Problems with Grice's theory |
|
|
87 | (6) |
|
When is non-observance intentional? |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
Distinguishing between types of non-observance |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Different nature of maxims |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
Problems of calculability |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
Grice's informal approach |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
|
93 | (12) |
|
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
Searle's conditions for speech acts |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
Distinguishing speech acts |
|
|
96 | (2) |
|
Plugging the gaps in Searle's rules |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
The speech act of apologizing: a case study |
|
|
99 | (3) |
|
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
The speech act of warning: a case study |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
Searle's formal approach to the categorization of speech acts |
|
|
105 | (2) |
|
|
|
107 | (4) |
|
Rules are all or nothing, principles are more or less |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
Rules are exclusive, principles can co-occur |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
Rules are constitutive, principles are regulative |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Rules are definite, principles are probabilistic |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Rules are conventional, principles are motivated |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
|
111 | (8) |
|
Pragmatics and indirectness |
|
|
119 | (30) |
|
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Pragmatics and indirectness |
|
|
120 | (4) |
|
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Indirectness is costly and risky |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Assumption of rationality |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
The principle of expressibility |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Indirectness - an illustration |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
How do we know how indirect to be? |
|
|
124 | (9) |
|
|
|
124 | (4) |
|
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
The negotiation of pragmatic parameters |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
|
|
133 | (9) |
|
The role of context in interpreting indirectness |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
The role of belief in interpreting indirectness |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Background knowledge and interpreting indirectness |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
The role of co-text in interpreting indirectness |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Goals and the interpretation of indirectness |
|
|
139 | (3) |
|
|
|
142 | (4) |
|
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Increasing the force of one's message |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
|
|
149 | (34) |
|
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Delimiting the concept of politeness |
|
|
149 | (9) |
|
Politeness as a real-world goal |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
Deference versus politeness |
|
|
150 | (4) |
|
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
Politeness as an utterance level phenomenon |
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
Politeness as a pragmatic phenomenon |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
Politeness explained in terms of principles and maxims |
|
|
158 | (10) |
|
Ambivalence and politeness |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Problems with Leech's approach |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Politeness and the management of face |
|
|
168 | (8) |
|
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Superstrategies for performing face-threatening acts |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Performing an FTA without any redress (bald-on-record) |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Performing an FTA with redress (positive politeness) |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
Performing an FTA with redress (negative politeness) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Performing an FTA using off record politeness |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
Criticisms of Brown and Levinson |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Politeness viewed as a conversational contract |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Politeness measured along pragmatic scales |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
|
178 | (5) |
|
The construction of meaning |
|
|
183 | (28) |
|
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
How does pragmatics fit into linguistics? |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Pragmatics versus sociolinguistics |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
Overlap between pragmatics and sociolinguistics |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Activity types versus speech events |
|
|
187 | (8) |
|
The construction of meaning |
|
|
195 | (9) |
|
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
The collaborative nature of speech acts |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
The negotiability of force |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Preparing the ground for a speech act |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
Successive utterances in situated discourse |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
What counts as evidence in pragmatics? |
|
|
204 | (4) |
|
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Explicit commentary by speaker |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Explicit commentary by others |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Co-text (subsequent discourse) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
|
208 | (3) |
| References |
|
211 | (8) |
| Author Index |
|
219 | (2) |
| General Index |
|
221 | |
Other versions by this Author