Preface |
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xv | |
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PART I THE READING PROCESS |
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1 | (14) |
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3 | (12) |
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Stage 1: Get an Overview of the Selection |
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4 | (1) |
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Stage 2: Deepen Your Sense of the Selection |
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5 | (1) |
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Stage 3: Evaluate the Selection |
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6 | (9) |
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Ellen Goodman, ``Family Counterculture'' |
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8 | (7) |
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PART II THE WRITING PROCESS |
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15 | (134) |
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Getting Started Through Prewriting |
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17 | (23) |
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Observations About the Writing Process |
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17 | (2) |
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Use Prewriting to Get Started |
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19 | (18) |
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19 | (2) |
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The Pre-Reading Journal Entry |
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21 | (1) |
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Understand the Boundaries of the Assignment |
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22 | (1) |
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Determine Your Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Point of View |
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23 | (4) |
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Discover Your Essay's Limited Subject |
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27 | (3) |
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Generate Raw Material About Your Limited Subject |
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30 | (5) |
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Organize the Raw Material |
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35 | (2) |
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Activities: Getting Started Through Prewriting |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (8) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Writing an Effective Thesis |
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41 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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Implied Pattern of Development |
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42 | (1) |
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Including a Plan of Development |
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42 | (1) |
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Don't Write a Highly Opinionated Statement |
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43 | (1) |
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Don't Make an Announcement |
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43 | (1) |
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Don't Make a Factual Statement |
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44 | (1) |
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Don't Make a Broad Statement |
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44 | (1) |
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Arriving at an Effective Thesis |
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44 | (1) |
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Placing the Thesis in an Essay |
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45 | (1) |
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Activities: Identifying a Thesis |
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46 | (2) |
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Supporting the Thesis With Evidence |
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48 | (8) |
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48 | (1) |
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How Do You Find Evidence? |
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49 | (1) |
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How the Patterns of Development Help Generate Evidence |
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49 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Evidence |
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50 | (4) |
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The Evidence Is Relevant and Unified |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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The Evidence Is Representative |
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53 | (1) |
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Borrowed Evidence Is Documented |
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53 | (1) |
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Activities: Supporting the Thesis with Evidence |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (9) |
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Use the Patterns of Development |
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56 | (1) |
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Select an Organizational Approach |
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57 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Simple-to-Complex Approach |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (4) |
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Activities: Organizing the Evidence |
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63 | (2) |
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Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft |
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65 | (30) |
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How to Move from Outline to First Draft |
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65 | (1) |
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General Suggestions on How to Proceed |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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A Suggested Sequence for Writing the First Draft |
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67 | (17) |
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Write the Supporting Paragraphs |
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67 | (11) |
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Write Other Paragraphs in the Essay's Body |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (3) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (3) |
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Harriet Davids, ``Challenges for Today's Parents'' |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Activities: Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft |
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88 | (7) |
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Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development |
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95 | (15) |
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Five Strategies to Make Revision Easier |
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96 | (6) |
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Set Your First Draft Aside for a While |
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96 | (1) |
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Work from Typed or Printed Text |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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View Revision as a Series of Steps |
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97 | (1) |
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Evaluate and Respond to Instructor Feedback |
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98 | (1) |
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Peer Review: An Additional Revision Strategy |
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98 | (3) |
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Evaluate and Respond to Peer Review |
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101 | (1) |
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Revising Overall Meaning and Structure |
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102 | (2) |
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Revising Paragraph Development |
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104 | (1) |
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Sample Student Revision of Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development |
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105 | (1) |
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Activities: Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development |
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106 | (4) |
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Revising Sentences and Words |
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110 | (28) |
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110 | (13) |
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Make Sentences Consistent with Your Tone |
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110 | (1) |
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Make Sentences Economical |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (4) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (4) |
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123 | (10) |
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Make Words Consistent with Your Tone |
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124 | (1) |
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Use an Appropriate Level of Diction |
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124 | (1) |
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Avoid Words That Overstate or Understate |
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125 | (1) |
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Select Words with Appropriate Connotations |
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125 | (1) |
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Use Specific Rather Than General Words |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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Delete Unnecessary Adverbs |
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129 | (1) |
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Use Original Figures of Speech |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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Sample Student Revision of Sentences and Words |
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133 | (1) |
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Activities: Revising Sentences and Words |
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134 | (4) |
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138 | (11) |
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138 | (1) |
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Use the Appropriate Manuscript Format |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (1) |
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Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Proofreading |
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142 | (5) |
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``Challenges for Today's Parents'' |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (3) |
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Activities: Editing and Proofreading |
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147 | (2) |
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PART III THE PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT |
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149 | (378) |
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An Overview of the Patterns of Development |
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151 | (13) |
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The Patterns in Action: During the Writing Process |
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151 | (1) |
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The Patterns in Action: In an Essay |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (6) |
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``The Super-Sizing of America's Kids'' |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (2) |
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Professional Selection: Compared Patterns |
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159 | (5) |
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``The Death of the Moth'' |
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159 | (5) |
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164 | (37) |
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164 | (1) |
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How Description Fits Your Purpose and Audience |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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Strategies for Using Description in an Essay |
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167 | (4) |
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171 | (1) |
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Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision |
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172 | (6) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (3) |
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178 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Professional Selections: Description |
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180 | (18) |
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180 | (5) |
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185 | (6) |
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191 | (7) |
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Additional Writing Topics: Description |
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198 | (3) |
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201 | (37) |
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201 | (1) |
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How Narration Fits Your Purpose and Audience |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Strategies for Using Narration in an Essay |
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204 | (5) |
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209 | (1) |
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Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision |
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210 | (5) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Professional Selections: Narration |
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217 | (18) |
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217 | (7) |
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224 | (4) |
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228 | (7) |
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Additional Writing Topics: Narration |
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235 | (3) |
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238 | (37) |
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238 | (1) |
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How Illustration Fits Your Purpose and Audience |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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Strategies for Using Illustration in an Essay |
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242 | (4) |
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246 | (1) |
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Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision |
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246 | (8) |
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``Pursuit of Possessions'' |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (4) |
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254 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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Professional Selections: Illustration |
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256 | (16) |
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``Bombs Bursting in Air'' |
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256 | (5) |
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``Tweens: Ten Going on Sixteen'' |
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261 | (6) |
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``Is Sex All That Matters?'' |
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267 | (5) |
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Additional Writing Topics: Illustration |
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272 | (3) |
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275 | (40) |
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What Is Division-Classification? |
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275 | (2) |
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How Division-Classification Fits Your Purpose and Audience |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (1) |
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Strategies for Using Division-Classification in an Essay |
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279 | (4) |
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283 | (1) |
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Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision |
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284 | (8) |
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``The Truth About College Teachers'' |
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285 | (4) |
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289 | (3) |
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Activities: Division-Classification |
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292 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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Professional Selections: Division-Classification |
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294 | (18) |
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``The Men We Carry in Our Minds'' |
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294 | (5) |
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``But What Do You Mean?'' |
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299 | (7) |
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306 | (6) |
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Additional Writing Topics: Division-Classification |
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312 | (3) |
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315 | (41) |
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What Is Process Analysis? |
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315 | (1) |
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How Process Analysis Fits Your Purpose and Audience |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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Strategies for Using Process Analysis in an Essay |
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318 | (4) |
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322 | (1) |
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Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision |
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323 | (8) |
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``Becoming a Videoholic'' |
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325 | (4) |
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329 | (2) |
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Activities: Process Analysis |
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331 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
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Professional Selections: Process Analysis |
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334 | (19) |
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``Don't Just Stand There'' |
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334 | (6) |
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340 | (5) |
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345 | (8) |
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Additional Writing Topics: Process Analysis |
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353 | (3) |
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356 | (36) |
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What Is Comparison-Contrast? |
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356 | (1) |
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How Comparison-Contrast Fits Your Purpose and Audience |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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Strategies for Using Comparison-Contrast in an Essay |
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359 | (4) |
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363 | (1) |
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Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision |
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364 | (8) |
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``The Virtues of Growing Older'' |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (3) |
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Activities: Comparison-Contrast |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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Professional Selections: Comparison-Contrast |
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373 | (16) |
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373 | (6) |
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``Reality TV: Surprising Throwback to the Past?'' |
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379 | (4) |
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``And Then I Went to School'' |
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383 | (6) |
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Additional Writing Topics: Comparison-Contrast |
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389 | (3) |
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392 | (35) |
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392 | (1) |
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How Cause-Effect Fits Your Purpose and Audience |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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Strategies for Using Cause-Effect in an Essay |
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395 | (5) |
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400 | (1) |
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Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision |
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401 | (8) |
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403 | (3) |
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406 | (3) |
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409 | (2) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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Professional Selections: Cause-Effect |
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411 | (14) |
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``Why We Crave Horror Movies'' |
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411 | (4) |
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``Our Schedules, Our Selves'' |
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415 | (6) |
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``Black Men and Public Space'' |
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421 | (4) |
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Additional Writing Topics: Cause-Effect |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (34) |
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427 | (1) |
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How Definition Fits Your Purpose and Audience |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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Strategies for Using Definition in an Essay |
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430 | (3) |
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433 | (1) |
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Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision |
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434 | (7) |
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Laura Chen, ``Physics in Everyday Life'' |
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435 | (3) |
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438 | (3) |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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Professional Selections: Definition |
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442 | (17) |
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442 | (4) |
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446 | (6) |
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``What Is the Quarterlife Crisis?'' |
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452 | (7) |
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Additional Writing Topics: Definition |
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459 | (2) |
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461 | (66) |
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What Is Argumentation-Persuasion? |
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461 | (1) |
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How Argumentation-Persuasion Fits Your Purpose and Audience |
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462 | (4) |
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466 | (1) |
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Strategies for Using Argumentation-Persuasion in an Essay |
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467 | (15) |
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482 | (1) |
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Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision |
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483 | (10) |
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``Compulsory National Service'' |
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486 | (4) |
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490 | (3) |
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Activities: Argumentation-Persuasion |
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493 | (4) |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (3) |
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Professional Selections: Argumentation-Persuasion |
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497 | (28) |
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``In Praise of the `F' Word'' |
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497 | (4) |
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``Can You Be Educated from a Distance?'' |
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501 | (4) |
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Debating the Issues: Date Rape |
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505 | (1) |
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``Rape: A Bigger Danger Than Feminists Know'' |
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505 | (6) |
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511 | (4) |
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Debating the Issues: Torture of Terrorists |
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515 | (1) |
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``Time to Think About Torture'' |
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515 | (5) |
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``Now the Talk Is About Bringing Back Torture'' |
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520 | (5) |
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Additional Writing Topics: Argumentation-Persuasion |
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525 | (2) |
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PART IV THE RESEARCH PAPER |
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527 | (106) |
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Selecting a Subject, Using the Library and the Internet, and Taking Notes |
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529 | (51) |
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Some General Comments About the Research Paper |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (7) |
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Understand the Paper's Boundaries |
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530 | (1) |
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Understand Primary Versus Secondary Research |
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531 | (3) |
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534 | (1) |
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Prewrite to Limit the General Subject |
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535 | (1) |
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Conduct Preliminary Research |
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535 | (1) |
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Identify a Working Thesis |
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536 | (1) |
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537 | (1) |
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Find Sources in the Library |
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537 | (12) |
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538 | (1) |
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539 | (3) |
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542 | (1) |
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543 | (6) |
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549 | (10) |
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The Internet and the World Wide Web |
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549 | (1) |
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550 | (1) |
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The Advantages and Limitations of the Library and the Web |
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550 | (1) |
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551 | (2) |
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Using the Net to Find Books on Your Topic |
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553 | (1) |
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Using the Net to Find Articles and Other Materials on Your Topic |
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553 | (5) |
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Evaluating Internet Materials |
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558 | (1) |
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Using Other Internet Tools |
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559 | (1) |
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Prepare a Working Bibliography |
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559 | (1) |
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Take Notes to Support the Thesis with Evidence |
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560 | (17) |
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560 | (1) |
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Before Note-Taking: Evaluate Sources |
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561 | (1) |
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Before Note-Taking: Refine Your Working Bibliography |
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562 | (2) |
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Before Note-Taking: Read Your Sources |
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564 | (2) |
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When Note-Taking: What to Select |
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566 | (1) |
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When Note-Taking: How to Record Statistics |
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567 | (1) |
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When Note-Taking: Use Note Cards |
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567 | (2) |
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Two Other Note-Taking Approaches |
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569 | (1) |
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570 | (7) |
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Activities: Selecting a Subject, Using the Library and the Internet, and Taking Notes |
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577 | (3) |
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Writing the Research Paper |
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580 | (53) |
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Refine Your Working Thesis |
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580 | (1) |
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581 | (1) |
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Organize the Evidence by Outlining |
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581 | (2) |
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583 | (2) |
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Presenting the Results of Primary Research |
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584 | (1) |
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Document Borrowed Material Using MLA Format---How to Avoid Plagiarism |
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585 | (9) |
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585 | (4) |
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Special Cases of Authorship |
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589 | (1) |
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Special Cases of Pagination |
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590 | (1) |
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Blending Quotations into Your Text |
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590 | (3) |
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593 | (1) |
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Revise, Edit, and Proofread the First Draft |
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594 | (2) |
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Prepare the Works Cited List: MLA Format |
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596 | (9) |
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597 | (3) |
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Citing Periodical Sources |
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600 | (2) |
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Citing Computerized Sources |
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602 | (2) |
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Citing Other Nonprint Sources |
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604 | (1) |
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605 | (7) |
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605 | (1) |
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606 | (1) |
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607 | (2) |
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Citing Periodical Sources |
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609 | (1) |
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Citing Computerized Sources |
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610 | (1) |
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Citing Other Nonprint Sources |
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611 | (1) |
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A Note About Other Documentation Systems |
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612 | (1) |
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Student Research Paper: MLA-Style Documentation |
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612 | (18) |
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Brian Courtney, ``America's Homeless: How the Government Can Help'' |
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613 | (17) |
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630 | (1) |
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Activities: Writing the Research Paper |
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630 | (3) |
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PART V THE LITERARY PAPER AND EXAM ESSAY |
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633 | (34) |
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635 | (21) |
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Elements of Literary Works |
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636 | (2) |
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636 | (2) |
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How to Read a Literary Work |
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638 | (2) |
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Read to Form a General Impression |
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638 | (1) |
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Ask Questions About the Work |
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638 | (1) |
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639 | (1) |
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640 | (1) |
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Write the Literary Analysis |
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640 | (7) |
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640 | (1) |
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641 | (1) |
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Support the Thesis with Evidence |
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642 | (1) |
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643 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (2) |
|
Revise Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
Read to Form a General Impression |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
Ask Questions About the Work |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
649 | (2) |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Additional Selections and Writing Assignments |
|
|
651 | (5) |
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
|
|
653 | (3) |
|
|
|
656 | (11) |
|
Three Forms of Written Answers |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
How to Prepare for Exam Essays |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
Understand the Essay Question |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
|
661 | (3) |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Support the Thesis with Evidence |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
Revise, Edit, and Proofread |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Activity: Writing Exam Essays |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
PART VI A CONCISE HANDBOOK |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
|
668 | (2) |
|
|
670 | (12) |
|
|
670 | (6) |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
Dependent Clause Fragments |
|
|
672 | (4) |
|
Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences |
|
|
676 | (4) |
|
|
676 | (4) |
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
|
682 | (5) |
|
Problems with Subject-Verb Agreement |
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
How to Correct Faulty Subject-Verb Agreement |
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
|
684 | (3) |
|
How to Correct Inappropriate Shifts in Verb Tense |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
How to Correct Faulty Use of Past Tense |
|
|
685 | (2) |
|
|
687 | (8) |
|
Problems with Pronoun Use |
|
|
687 | (8) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
How to Correct Faulty Pronoun Case |
|
|
688 | (2) |
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
|
692 | (3) |
|
|
695 | (3) |
|
Problems with Modification |
|
|
695 | (3) |
|
Misplaced and Ambiguous Modifiers |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
|
696 | (2) |
|
|
698 | (21) |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (5) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (2) |
|
|
708 | (2) |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
711 | (3) |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
717 | (2) |
|
|
719 | (6) |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
|
721 | (2) |
|
|
723 | (2) |
|
|
725 | (4) |
Acknowledgments |
|
729 | (2) |
Index |
|
731 | |