Introduction to Wireless Systems

by ; ; ; ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2008-01-01
Publisher(s): Prentice Hall
List Price: $100.00

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Summary

A Coherent Systems View of Wireless and Cellular Network Design and Implementation Written for senior-level undergraduates, first-year graduate students, and junior technical professionals,Introduction to Wireless Systemsoffers a coherent systems view of the crucial lower layers of todayrs"s cellular systems. The authors introduce todayrs"s most important propagation issues, modulation techniques, and access schemes, illuminating theory with real-world examples from modern cellular systems. They demonstrate how elements within todayrs"s wireless systems interrelate, clarify the trade-offs associated with delivering high-quality service at acceptable cost, and demonstrate how systems are designed and implemented by teams of complementary specialists. Coverage includes Understanding the challenge of moving information wirelessly between two points Explaining how system and subsystem designers work together to analyze, plan, and implement optimized wireless systems Designing for quality reception: using the free-space range equation, and accounting for thermal noise Understanding terrestrial channels and their impairments, including shadowing and multipath reception Reusing frequencies to provide service over wide areas to large subscriber bases Using modulation: frequency efficiency, power efficiency, BER, bandwidth, adjacent-channel interference, and spread-spectrum modulation Implementing multiple access methods, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Designing systems for todayrs"s most common forms of traffic-both "bursty" and "streaming" Maximizing capacity via linear predictive coding and other speech compression techniques Setting up connections that support reliable communication among users Introduction to Wireless Systemsbrings together the theoretical and practical knowledge readers need to participate effectively in the planning, design, or implementation of virtually any wireless system.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xiii
Acknowledgmentsp. xv
About the Authorsp. xvii
Introductionp. 1
Overviewp. 1
System Descriptionp. 4
What Is a Wireless System?p. 4
General Architecture, Basic Concepts, and Terminologyp. 6
Historical Perspectivep. 10
Systems Engineering and the Role of the Systems Engineerp. 12
Problem Statementp. 16
The Radio Linkp. 17
Introductionp. 17
Transmitting and Receiving Electromagnetic Wavesp. 18
Isotropic Radiationp. 20
Antenna Radiation Patternsp. 22
The Range Equationp. 28
Thermal Noise and Receiver Analysisp. 34
Characterizing Noise Sourcesp. 35
Characterizing Two-Portsp. 47
Optimizing the Energy Transmission Systemp. 61
System-Level Designp. 61
Receiver Sensitivityp. 62
Top-Level Designp. 63
An Example Link Budgetp. 66
Conclusionsp. 70
Problemsp. 70
Channel Characteristicsp. 77
Introductionp. 77
Reflection from the Earth's Surfacep. 79
Empirical Modelsp. 86
The Hata Modelp. 87
The Lee Modelp. 90
Log-Normal Shadowingp. 95
Multipath Propagation and Fadingp. 100
Introductionp. 100
A Two-Ray Model for Multipath Propagation: Stationary Receiverp. 102
Statistical Models for Multipath Propagationp. 106
Rayleigh Fadingp. 106
Coherence Bandwidthp. 115
A Two-Ray Model with a Moving Receiverp. 121
A Statistical Model with a Moving Receiverp. 129
Area Coveragep. 132
The Link Budgetp. 137
Conclusionsp. 139
Problemsp. 141
Radio Frequency Coverage: Systems Engineering and Designp. 149
Motivationp. 149
Requirements Assessment and System Architecturep. 150
Cellular Conceptsp. 153
Estimation of Interference Levelsp. 167
Cochannel Interferencep. 167
Adjacent-Channel Interferencep. 171
Cellular System Planning and Engineeringp. 173
The Key Trade-offsp. 173
Sectoringp. 175
Cell Splittingp. 179
Operational Considerationsp. 183
The Mobile Switching Centerp. 184
Dynamic Channel Assignmentp. 185
Handoff Concepts and Considerationsp. 185
Traffic Engineering, Trunking, and Grade of Servicep. 187
Conclusionsp. 194
Problemsp. 196
Digital Signaling Principlesp. 203
Introductionp. 203
Baseband Digital Signalingp. 204
Baseband Digital Communication Architecturep. 204
Baseband Pulse Detectionp. 207
The Matched Filterp. 212
Correlationp. 216
Correlation Receiverp. 220
Receiver Performancep. 222
Carrier-Based Signalingp. 226
Modulation Overviewp. 226
Modulated Carrier Communication Architecturep. 227
Digital Modulation Principlesp. 229
Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)p. 236
Differential Binary Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)p. 239
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK)p. 243
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)p. 251
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)p. 254
Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying (GFSK)p. 262
Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK)p. 264
Spread-Spectrum Signalingp. 267
Overviewp. 267
Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrump. 268
Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrump. 271
Conclusionsp. 278
Problemsp. 280
Access Methodsp. 287
Introductionp. 287
Channel Access in Cellular Systemsp. 290
Frequency-Division Multiple Accessp. 295
The AM Broadcasting Bandp. 296
The AMPS Cellular Telephone Systemp. 297
Effect of Transmitted Signal Designp. 298
Frequency-Division Duplexingp. 299
Time-Division Multiple Accessp. 300
The U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) Systemp. 302
The GSM Systemp. 304
Time-Division Duplexingp. 305
Code-Division Multiple Accessp. 306
Frequency-Hopping CDMA Systemsp. 307
Direct-Sequence CDMA Systemsp. 311
Contention-Based Multiple Accessp. 325
The Aloha Multiple-Access Protocolp. 326
The Slotted Aloha Protocolp. 328
Carrier-Sense Multiple Accessp. 330
Conclusionsp. 335
Problemsp. 337
Information Sourcesp. 343
Introductionp. 343
Information Sources and Their Characterizationp. 346
Speechp. 347
Musicp. 348
Imagesp. 349
Videop. 350
Datap. 351
Quality of Service (QoS)p. 352
Smooth versus Chunkyp. 354
Digitization of Speech Signalsp. 355
Pulse Code Modulationp. 356
Differential PCMp. 367
Vocodersp. 371
Coding for Error Correctionp. 376
Convolutional Codesp. 377
Conclusionsp. 389
Problemsp. 392
Putting It All Togetherp. 397
Introductionp. 397
Looking Backwardp. 399
The First Generationp. 399
The Second Generationp. 400
Toward a Third Generationp. 405
Generation 2.5p. 407
Contemporary Systems and 3G Evolutionp. 411
Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA)p. 411
cdma2000 Radio Transmission Technology (RTT)p. 420
OFDM: An Architecture for the Fourth Generationp. 432
Conclusionsp. 442
Statistical Functions and Tablesp. 443
The Normal Distributionp. 443
Function Tablesp. 446
Traffic Engineeringp. 453
Grade of Service and the State of the Switchp. 453
A Model for Call Arrivalsp. 454
A Model for Holding Timep. 456
The Switch State Probabilitiesp. 457
Blocking Probability, Offered Load, and Erlang Bp. 460
Computational Techniques for the Erlang B Formulap. 462
Erlang B Tablep. 465
Acronymsp. 477
Indexp. 483
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Excerpts

This text is intended to provide a senior undergraduate student in electrical or computer engineering with a systems-engineering perspective on the design and analysis of a wireless communication system. The focus of the text is on cellular telephone systems, as these systems are familiar to students; rich enough to encompass a variety of propagation issues, modulation techniques, and access schemes; and narrow enough to be treated meaningfully in a text that supports a single course. The presentation is limited to what cellular systems engineers call the "air interface" and what network engineers call the "physical layer."The presentation is unique in a number of ways. First, it is aimed at undergraduate students, whereas most other textbooks written about wireless systems are intended for students either at the graduate level or at the community college level. In particular, the presentation combines a clear narrative with examples showing how theoretical principles are applied in system design. The text is based on ten years' experience in teaching wireless systems to electrical and computer engineering seniors. The lessons learned from their questions and responses have guided its development. The text not only presents the basic theory but also develops a coherent, integrated view of cellular systems that will motivate the undergraduate student to stay engaged and learn more.Second, the text is written from a systems-engineering perspective. In this context a "system" comprises many parts, whose properties can be traded off against one another to provide the best possible service at an acceptable cost. A system with the complexity of a cellular network can be designed and implemented only by a team of component specialists whose skills complement one another. Top-level design is the responsibility of systems engineers who can translate market requirements into technical specifications, who can identify and resolve performance trade-off issues, and who can set subsystem requirements that "flow down" to the subsystem designers. The text introduces students to the concept that specialists from a wide range of engineering disciplines come together to develop a complex system. Theory and contemporary practice are developed in the context of a problem-solving discipline in which a divide-andconquer approach is used to allocate top-level functional system requirements to lower-level subsystems. Standard analysis results are developed and presented to students in a way that shows how a systems engineer can use these results as a starting point in designing an optimized system. Thus an overlying systems-engineering theme ties together a wide variety of technical principles and analytical techniques.This text comprises eight chapters. An introductory chapter sets out the systems-engineering story. Chapters 2 and 3 introduce the air interface by considering how to provide enough power over a wide enough area to support reliable communication. Chapter 2 introduces the free-space range equation and thermal noise. On completing this chapter, students should be aware of the dependence of received power on range and of the role of noise in determining how much power is enough for quality reception. Chapter 3 introduces the terrestrial channel and its impairments, including the effects of shadowing and multipath reception. Next, Chapter 4 introduces the principle of frequency reuse and the resulting cellular system structure. The goal of this chapter is to show how a communication system can be extended to provide service over a virtually unlimited area to a virtually unlimited number of subscribers.Once a power link is established, information must be encoded to propagate effectively over that link. Chapter 5 introduces modulation. The emphasis is on digital techniques common to cellular systems. Of particular interest are frequency efficiency, power efficiency and bit error rate, bandwidth, and adjacent-ch

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