Preface |
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xiii | |
Time Line |
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xvii | |
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3 | (34) |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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Principal Concerns of the Presocratics |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (9) |
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9 | (3) |
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Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans |
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12 | (3) |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (4) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (2) |
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Pluralist Alternatives to Parmenides |
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22 | (7) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (2) |
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The Atomists: Parmenides as Pluralist |
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26 | (3) |
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The Sophists: Rhetoric and Virtue for a Price |
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29 | (8) |
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29 | (8) |
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37 | (64) |
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37 | (34) |
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39 | (7) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (24) |
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71 | (30) |
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Introduction to the Theory of Forms |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (7) |
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80 | (17) |
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97 | (4) |
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101 | (52) |
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101 | (5) |
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101 | (5) |
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106 | (7) |
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106 | (5) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (40) |
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113 | (19) |
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132 | (14) |
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146 | (7) |
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153 | (24) |
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153 | (7) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (7) |
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Zeno of Citium: Logic, Physics, and Ethics |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (4) |
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167 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (8) |
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Academics and Pyrrhonians |
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169 | (1) |
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The Goal and Criterion of Skepticism |
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170 | (2) |
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The Ten Modes of Skepticism |
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172 | (5) |
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177 | (74) |
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Augustine (from On Free Choice of the Will) |
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178 | (28) |
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179 | (16) |
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Book 2. More on the Origin of Evil |
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195 | (2) |
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Book 3. God's Foreknowledge and Freedom: The Great Chain of Being |
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197 | (4) |
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The Confessions: Augustine on Time |
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201 | (5) |
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206 | (5) |
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206 | (5) |
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Averroes (from The Decisive Treatise Determining the Nature of the Connection between Religion and Philosophy) |
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211 | (10) |
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Chapter 2: Philosophy and Religion Belong Together |
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212 | (8) |
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Chapter 3: The Elite and Ordinary Believers |
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220 | (1) |
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Moses Maimonides (from The Guide for the Perplexed) |
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221 | (6) |
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God and Biblical Language |
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222 | (5) |
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Thomas Aquinas (from Summa Theologica) |
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227 | (24) |
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228 | (8) |
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236 | (15) |
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Renaissance and Early Modern Philosophy |
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251 | (68) |
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251 | (7) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (5) |
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258 | (14) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (11) |
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272 | (9) |
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272 | (4) |
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276 | (1) |
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Pascal's Wager (from Thoughts) |
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277 | (4) |
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281 | (14) |
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The Earth-Centered System of the Universe |
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282 | (1) |
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Copernicus (from ``Dedication'' to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) |
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283 | (4) |
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Galileo (from The Assayer, ``Letter to Muti,'' ``Letter to Costelli,'' and Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World) |
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287 | (5) |
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Newton (from ``Preface'' to Principia Mathematica and ``Letter to Bentley'') |
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292 | (2) |
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Implications of Modern Astronomy |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (24) |
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Bacon and Induction (from New Organon) |
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296 | (8) |
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Descartes's Methods (from Discourse) |
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304 | (8) |
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Newton's Method of Investigation (from Principia Mathematica and Optics) |
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312 | (2) |
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Mathematics and Scientific Method |
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314 | (5) |
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319 | (84) |
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Rene Descartes 9from Meditations) |
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319 | (30) |
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Meditation 1: Concerning Those Things That Can Be Called into Doubt |
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320 | (6) |
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Meditation 2: Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind: That the Mind Is More Known Than the Body |
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326 | (10) |
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Meditation 3: Of God: That He Exists |
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336 | (5) |
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Meditation 6: Of the Existence of Material Things, and of the Real Distinction between the Soul and Body of Man |
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341 | (5) |
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346 | (3) |
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Benedict Spinoza (from the Ethics) |
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349 | (6) |
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God Does Not Willfully Direct the Course of Nature |
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350 | (5) |
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Nicholas de Malebranche (from The Search after Truth) |
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355 | (19) |
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Chapter 1, Section 1: What Is Meant by Ideas; That They Truly Exist, and That They Are Necessary to Perceive All Material Objects |
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356 | (1) |
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Chapter 6: That We See All Things in God |
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357 | (8) |
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365 | (9) |
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (from ``Monadology'' and ``Letter to Clarke'') |
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374 | (20) |
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374 | (4) |
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378 | (2) |
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380 | (6) |
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386 | (3) |
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389 | (2) |
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Against Atoms and a Vacuum |
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391 | (3) |
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Anne Conway (from Principles) |
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394 | (9) |
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All Creatures Are Changeable |
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394 | (5) |
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Against Descartes, Hobbes, and Spinoza |
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399 | (4) |
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403 | (106) |
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John Locke (from Essay Concerning Human Understanding) |
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403 | (32) |
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No Speculative Innate Principles in the Mind |
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404 | (6) |
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Of Ideas in General and Their Origin |
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410 | (5) |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (2) |
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Of Simple Ideas of Diverse Senses |
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419 | (1) |
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Of Simple Ideas of Reflection |
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419 | (1) |
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Of Simple Ideas of Both Sensation and Reflection |
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420 | (3) |
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Some Farther Considerations Concerning Our Simple Ideas |
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423 | (4) |
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427 | (3) |
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Of the Extent of Human Knowledge |
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430 | (2) |
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Of Our Threefold Knowledge of Existence |
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432 | (1) |
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Of Our Knowledge of the Existence of Other Things |
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433 | (2) |
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George Berkeley (from Dialogues) |
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435 | (28) |
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436 | (9) |
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445 | (7) |
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452 | (11) |
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David Hume (from Enquiries and Treatise of Human Nature) |
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463 | (46) |
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Section 2: Of the Origin of Ideas |
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464 | (5) |
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Section 3: Of the Association of Ideas |
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469 | (2) |
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Section 7: Of the Idea of Necessary Connection |
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471 | (9) |
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480 | (11) |
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Section 12: Of the Academical or Skeptical Philosophy |
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491 | (4) |
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495 | (2) |
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497 | (12) |
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Late Modern and 19th-Century Philosophy |
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509 | (110) |
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Thomas Reid (from Inquiry into the Human Mind) |
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509 | (6) |
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510 | (4) |
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514 | (1) |
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Immanuel Kant (from Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics and The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals) |
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515 | (25) |
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516 | (3) |
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Preamble on the Peculiarities of All Metaphysical Knowledge |
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519 | (5) |
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How Is Pure Mathematics Possible? |
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524 | (2) |
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How Is the Science of Nature Possible? |
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526 | (4) |
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How Is Metaphysics in General Possible? |
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530 | (2) |
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532 | (8) |
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (from ``Preface'' to Phenomenology of Mind) |
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540 | (15) |
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540 | (1) |
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541 | (7) |
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The Unity of Subject and Object |
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548 | (5) |
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553 | (2) |
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Soren Kierkegaard (From Either/Or, vol. 1 and 2) |
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555 | (17) |
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Introduction: Kierkegaard's ``Existentialism'' |
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555 | (1) |
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556 | (8) |
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564 | (8) |
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Mary Wollstonecraft (from A Vindication of the Rights of Women) |
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572 | (9) |
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The Rights of Women; True Virtue and True Social Flourishing |
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572 | (6) |
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Education, Virtue, and the Need for a Revolution in Manners |
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578 | (3) |
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John Stuart Mill (from Utilitarianism) |
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581 | (12) |
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581 | (2) |
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583 | (10) |
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Friedrich Nietzsche (from The Birth of Tragedy, The Dawn of Day, Joyful Wisdom, The Geneaology of Morals, Human, All Too Human, and Thus Spake Zarathustra) |
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593 | (26) |
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Art, Morality, and Religion |
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593 | (3) |
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596 | (7) |
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603 | (16) |
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20th-Century and Contemporary Philosophy |
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619 | (78) |
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Bertrand Russell (from Problems of Philosophy) |
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619 | (10) |
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Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description |
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619 | (10) |
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Ludwig Wittgenstein (from Philosophical Investigations) |
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629 | (18) |
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629 | (1) |
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629 | (18) |
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Willard Van Orman Quine (from Two Dogmas of Empiricism) |
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647 | (13) |
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The Nature of Modern Empiricism |
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648 | (1) |
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Background for Analyticity |
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649 | (2) |
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651 | (1) |
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652 | (2) |
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The Verification Theory and Reductionism |
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654 | (3) |
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Empiricism without the Dogmas |
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657 | (3) |
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Jean-Paul Sartre (from Existentialism and Humanism) |
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660 | (14) |
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Freedom in a Godless World |
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661 | (13) |
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674 | (23) |
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694 | (3) |
Glossary |
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697 | (7) |
Credits |
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704 | (1) |
Index |
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705 | |