Handbook of Forensic medicine ( 2nd Edition)
Contents
Brief Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Foreword by Duarte Nuno Vieira
PART I Duties of Forensic Medicine in Modern Societies
1 History
Burkhard Madea
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Civilisations of the Near East and China
1.3 Justinian enactments
1.4 Further developments and Italian town charters
1.5 Forensic medicine as a book science
1.6 Forensic medicine as an experimental science
1.7 Current problems
2 Duties of Forensic Medicine and the forensic medicine practitioner
Burkhard Madea
2.1 The expert witness Brigitte Tag
3 Forensic Medicine and Human Rights
Duarte Nuno Vieira Hans Petter Hougen
3.1 Human rights issues
3.2 Torture
4 International Guidelines and Accreditation in Forensic Medicine
Peter Wiegand, Burkhard Madea and Frank Musshoff
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Recommendations for forensic DNA laboratories based on ISO/IEC 17025
4.3 Recommendations for forensic toxicological laboratories based on ISO/IEC 17025
4.4 Recommendations for forensic pathology based on ISO/IEC 17025
4.5 Recommendations for clinical forensic medicine based on ISO/IEC 17020
PART II Medical Aspects of Death
5 Nature and Definition of Death
Burkhard Madea
5.1 Death and dying
5.2 Determination of death
6 Certification of Death: External Postmortem Examination
Burkhard Madea and Antonella Argo
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cause of death
6.3 Causes of death as shown by cause of death statistics
6.4 Consistency between cause of death diagnosis on the death certificate and following autopsy
6.5 Manner of death
6.6 Special constellations of circumstances in external postmortem examination
6.7 Checklist for external postmortem examination (according to Madea, 2006)
6.8 Identifcation of the corpse
6.9 Examination of the corpse
6.10 Completing the death certificate
7 Postmortem Changes and Time since Death
Burkhard Madea, C. Henssge, S. Reibe, M. Tsokos
7.1 Early postmortem changes Burkhard Madea and Claus Henssge
7.2 Later postmortem changes: decomposition Burkhard Madea
7.3 Timing of death Burkhard Madea and Claus Henssge
7.4 Basic forensic entomology Sakia Reibe
7.5 Postmortem injuries Michael Tsokos
8 Cremation
C. T. Buschmann, M. Windgassen and M. Tsokos
8.1 Short history of cremation
8.2 Cremation in the modern day
8.3 Process of cremation and modification of the corpse during cremation
8.4 Remnants of cremation
8.5 Conclusions
8.6 Imbalming, Marc Windgassen
9 Crime Scene and Crime Scene Investigations Henrik Druid
9.1 Blood stain pattern analysis Henrik Druid
10 Autopsy
T. Knudsen, J. L. Thomsen, G. Ampanozi and P. M. J. Thali
10.1 Introduction Peter Thiis Knudsen and Joergen L. Thomsen
10.2 Medicolegal autopsy Peter Thiis Knudsen and Joergen L. Thomsen
10.3 Clinical autopsy Peter Thiis Knudsen and Joergen L. Thomsen
10.4 Autopsy report Peter Thiis Knudsen and Joergen L. Thomsen
10.5 Exhumation Wolfgang Grellner
10.6 Forensic imaging, CT Angiography Garyfalia Ampanozi, Jakob Heimer, Lars Ebert and Michael J. Thali
10.7 Molecular Pathology, Antti Sajantila
Molecular Pathology of violent death, Takahito Hayashi
10.8 Forensic Microbiology Antonella Argo, Antti Sajantila
11 The Doctor, the Dead and the Relatives, Antonella Argo
11.1 Pronouncing life extinct and informing the next of kin about death
11.2 Role of the deceased
11.3 Respect for taboos and propriety
11.4 Manner of death and police investigations
11.5 Dealing with the relatives
12 Transplantation Brigitte Tag
12.1 Regulations and procedures in Germany and Switzerland
12.2 Legal prerequisites and procedures in the UK, U.S.A., Australia, Japan
12.3 Criteria for the diagnosis of brain death in the UK
12.4 Special forensic medical aspects of organ donation and tissue retrieval
13 Anthropology and Osteology
C. Cattaneo and D. Gibelli
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Preliminary steps
13.3 Diagnosis of species
13.4 Biological profile: the main role of anthropology
13.5 Facial reconstruction
13.6 Geographical origin
14 Mass Disaster Victim Identification
R. Lessig, M. Prinz, G. Rutty, B. Ludes
14.1 Introduction, R. Lessig, M. Prinz
14.2 International cooperation, R. Lessig, M. Prinz
14.3 DVI team structure, R. Lessig, M. Prinz
14.4 Standardisation, R. Lessig, M. Prinz
14.5 Forensic odontology standards, R. Lessig, M. Prinz
14.6 Forensic molecular biology standards, R. Lessig, M. Prinz
14.7 Radiology standards, R. Lessig, M. Prinz
14.8 Chemical biological radioactive nuclear explosive weapons, R. Lessig, M. Prinz
with the assistance of Markus Rothschild and Klaus-Peter Benedix
14.9 Documentation and quality management R. Lessig, M. Prinz
14.10 Radiology guidelines for mass fatalities, G. Rutty
14.11 Fire fatalities, G. Rutty
14.12 Terroristic attacks B. Ludes
PART III Traumatology and Violent Death
15 Legal Aspects of Traumatology and Violent Death
P. Beh
15.1 Definitions
15.2 Basic legal principles
15.3 Conclusion
16 Traumatology and Criminology
P. Beh
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Homicide
16.3 Non-homicidal events
16.4 Suicide
16.5 Torture
16.6 Homicide, suicide or accident?
16.7 Child Fatality Reviews
17 Some Preliminary Remarks Concerning Biomechanical Principles
B. Madea, H.-D. Wehner [†]
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Separation of coherence through the impact of tensile stress
17.3 Separation of coherence through the impact of shear stress
18 Sequelae of Traumatic Injuries and Causes of Death
G. Rutty and M. Tsokos
18.1 Introduction Guy Rutty
18.2 Sepsis and multiple organ failure Michael Tsokos
19 Vital Reactions and Wound Age Estimation
Burkhard Madea, W. Grellne,r T. Kondo and C. Jackowski
19.1 Vital reactions Burkhard Madea , C. Jackowski
19.2 Wound age estimation: general introduction and methods Wolfgang Grellner
19.3 Wound age estimation: molecular biology Toshikazu Kondo
19.4 Dating of fractures Veronique Henn
20 Mechanical Trauma and Classification of Wounds
Burkhard Madea, S. Pollak, A. Thierauf, C. Meissner, M. Oehmichen and P. M. Leth
20.1 Classification of Violence Burkhard Madea
20.2 Blunt force injury Stefan Pollak and Annette Thierauf
20.2 Kicking Veronique Henn
20.3 Forensic neuropathology Christoph Meissner and Manfred Oehmichen
20.4 Sharp force injury Peter Mygind Leth
21 Forensic Ballistics: Injuries from Gunshots, Explosives and Arrows
B. Karger
21.1. Introduction
21.2 Firearms
21.3 Arrow wounds
21.4 Explosive injuries
22 Asphyxiation
W. Keil and P. Lunetta, R. Vann, M. Kettner and B. Madea
22.1 Asphyxiation Wolfgang Keil, B. Madea
22.2 Drowning Philippe Lunetta
22.3 Barotrauma and diving-related accidents Philippe Lunetta and Richard Vann
22.4 Immersion time Burkhard Madea
22.5. Death in high altitude and barotrauma M. Kettner
23 Injuries due to Heat
Burkhard Madea, Elke Doberentz and Takahito Hayashi
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Burns from heat
23.3 Causes of death from heat
23.4 Scalding
23.5 Generalised heat damage and hyperthermia
23.6 Diagnosis
24 Injuries due to Cold
Burkhard Madea, Elke Doberentz and Takahito Hayashi
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Pathophysiology
24.3 Clinical phases of hypothermia
24.4 Epidemiology
24.5 Morphological and biochemical changes
24.6 Criminal aspects
25 Electrocution and Lightning
R. Blumenthal
25.1 Electrocution
25.2 Lightning
26 Starvation and Neglect
Burkhard Madea, Elke Doberentz
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Clinical and autopsy findings in starvation
26.3 Classification systems
26.4 Death from starvation
26.5 Physical neglect
26.6 Sarcopenia, Malnutrition, Hunger Strikes
27 Infanticide
T. Bajanwoski, Janine Helmus and Sibylle Banaschak
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Stillbirth
27.3 Neonaticide
27.4 Investigation of mothers and neonates
27.5 Age estimation of fetal remains
28 Death during Pregnancy
E. Lignitz and Veronique Henn
28.1 Analysis of maternal mortality
28.2 Pregnancy as a physiological process with specific risks
28.3 Maternal death directly due to gestation
28.4 Maternal death indirectly due to gestation
28.5 Iatrogenic maternal death
28.6 Maternal death not due to gestation
29 Autoerotic Death
Marc Windgassen
29.1 General Aspects
29.2 Categorisation of death cases
29.3 Possible mechanisms of death
29.4 Typical injuries to male genitalia and special cases , Chemsex
30 Death in an Abnormal Position: Physical Restraint
J. C. Hunsaker III, Lisa Shields
30.1 Custody and restraint death
30.2 Extrinsic factors
30.3 Instrinsic factors
30.4 Controversies: excited delirium
30.5 Investigation of death in custody: restraint and body position
30.6 Certification of death
31 Sexual Homicide
P. Beh
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Profiling offenders in a sex-related homicide
31.3 Crime assessment
31.4 Conclusions
32 Medical Malpractice
Burkhard Madea, Claas Buschmann
32.1 Introduction B. Madea
32.2 Definitions B. Madea
32.3 Epidemiology B. Madea
32.4 Value of autopsies B. Madea
32.5 New approaches B. Madea
32.6 Conclusions B. Madea
32.7 Resuscitation-related injuries C. Buschmann
33 Special Issues Regarding Expert Evidence in Violent Deaths
R. Amberg, Burkhard Madea, J. L. Thomsen, Martin Worm-Leonhard and Paolo Procaccianti
33.1 Priority and order of injuries and survival times Johanna Preuß-Wössner, Rainer Amberg and Burkhard Madea
33.2 Physical activity after injuries and survival times Johanna Preuß-Wössner, Rainer Amberg and Burkhard Madea
33.3 Postmortem mutilation Rainer Johanna Preuß-Wössner, Amberg and Burkhard Madea
33.4 Alcohol-related deaths Jorgen L Thomsen and Martin Worm-Leonhard
33.5 Death due to drug addiction Jorgen L Thomsen
33.6 Mafia-related deaths Paolo Procaccianti
PART IV Sudden and Unexpected Death from Natural Causes
34 Natural causes of sudden death
P. Ricci and V. Fineschi
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Cardiac causes of sudden death
34.3 Non-cardiac causes of sudden death
34.4 Corona-associated deaths K. Püschel
35 Postmortem Biochemistry as an Aid in Determining the Cause of Death
Postmortem Biochemistry Takaki Ishikawa
Experiences from Osaka Takaki Ishikawa
36 Sudden and Unexpected Deaths in Infants and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Thomas Bajanowski and Jan Sperhake
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Sudden infant death syndrome
36.3 Other main causes of death in SUDI cases and during childhood
36.4 Practical investigation of SUDI/SIDS
36.5 Conclusions
PART V Clinical Forensic Medicine
37 Sexual Abuse
Cristina Cattaneo, Daniele Gibelli and Marina Ruspa
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Examination of the victim
37.3 Sexually transmitted infections
37.4 Toxicological analysis
37.5 Legal outcome
37.6 Juventile pornography
Appendices
38 Non-Sexual Abuse in Children
Robert A. Minns, Burkhard Madea and Elke Doberentz
38.1 Non-accidental head injury in children Robert A. Minns
38.2 Child abuse Burkhard Madea and Elke Doberentz
39 Intimate Partner and Domestic Violence
Saskia Etzold
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Causes and reasons for domestic violence
39.3 Effects and consequences of domestic abuse
39.4 The cycle of violence
39.5 Diagnostic procedures
39.6 Human immunodeficiency virus and domestic abuse
39.7 Challenges facing older women
40 School Violence
Cristina Cattaneo
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Statistical data from various countries
40.3 Motives and reasons for school violence and its identification
40.4 Prevention and interventional procedures
41 Violence against Homosexuals
Cristina Cattaneo
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Characteristics of gay violence
41.3 Violence in straight versus homosexual relationships
41.4 Problems with statistical data and underlying causes
42 Violence Against the Elderly
John C. Hunsaker III / Lisa Shields
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Definition and scope of elder mistreatment
42.3 Types of abuse in the elderly
42.4 Mimics of elder abuse
42.5 Clinical evaluation in living patients
42.6 Medicolegal investigations
42.7 Conclusions
43 Self-harm
Saskia Etzold
43.1 Definitions, phenomenology and underlying causes
43.2 Historical aspects, epidemiology and statistical data
43.3 Classification and phenomenology of self-harm groups
43.4 Diagnostic procedures
43.5 Euthanasia
44 Age Estimation in Living Individuals
Andreas Schmeling
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Age estimation in adolescents and young adults
44.3 Influence of ethnicity on development
44.4 Expert reports
44.5 Age estimation in child pornographic images
44.6 Age estimation in old age proceedings
44.7 Quality assurance
PART VI Forensic Psychiatry
45 Forensic psychiatry
Alan R. Felthous and Henning Saß
45.1 Definitions
45.2 Inquisitorial versus adversarial legal systems
45.3 Forensic psychiatry examinations
45.4 Civil law, competencies and general legal competency
45.5 Competencies in criminal law
45.6 Criminal responsibility
45.7 Forensic security hospitals
45.8 Formal education in the subspeciality of forensic psychiatry
45.9 Conclusions
PART VII Toxicology
46 Legal Aspects of Toxicology
Ilkka Ojanperä
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Administrative issues
46.3 Abused and controlled substances
46.4 Postmortem toxicology
46.5 Clinical forensic toxicology
46.6 Doping
46.7 Sabotage, terrorism and chemical warfare
47 Epidemiology and Adverse Drug Reactions
Olaf H. Drummer, Dimitri Gerostamoulos and Jennifer L. Pilgrim
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Adverse drug reactions and side effects
47.3 Inherent toxicity of a substance
47.4 Epidemiology
47.5 Evidence basis for toxicity
47.6 Conclusions
48 Suspicion of Poisoning
Hans H. Maurer , Markus M. Meyer and Graham R. Jones
48.1 Diagnosis of acute poisoning Maurer, Meyer
48.2 Specimen collection for forensic toxicology Graham R. Jones
48.3 Clinical signs and syndromes in intoxication Hans H. Maurer and Markus M. Meyer
49 Toxicological Analysis: Drug Screening and Confirmation
Olaf H. Drummer and Dimitri Gerostamoulos
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Screening and confirmation tests
What should general unknown screening include?
49.3 Isolation steps
49.4 Instrumentation used in forensic toxicology
49.5 Analytical methods
Alernative matrices like oral fluid, vitreous humor, hair
49.6 Method performance
50 Issues Affecting Interpretation: Stability and Artefacts
Gisela Skopp
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Definition of stability and common causes of instability and artificial formation
50.3 Stability of drugs and potential artefacts
50.4 Postmortem redistribution
50.5 Sampling artefacts and measures to increase drug stability
50.6 Influence of storage
50.7 Instability of drugs and artificial formation during processing and analysis
50.8 Procedures for evaluating stability and artefacts
50.9 Conclusions
51 Toxicokinetics/Toxicogenetics
Markus M. Meyer and Hans H. Maurer
50.1 Introduction and the LADME principle
51.2 Basic kinetic parameters
51.3 Toxicokinetics and toxicgenetics in forensic and clinical toxicology
51.4 Release
51.5 Absorption
51.6 Distribution
51.7 Metabolism
51.8 Excretion
51.9 Conclusions
52 Toxicology of Specific Substances
W. Jones, Frank Musshoff, T. Krämer, A. E. Schwaninger, Dimitri Gerostamoulos, O.H. Drummer, G. Drasch, M. Balikova, J. Beyer, H. Teixeira, M. Thevis and W. Schänzer
52.1 Alcohols Alan Wayne Jones
52.2 Illegal drugs Frank Musshoff
52.3 New psychoactive substances Olaf Drummer
52.4 Sedatives and hypnotics Thomas Krämer and Andrea E. Schwaninger
52.5 Narcotics and other analgesics Dimitri Gerostamoulos and Olaf H. Drummer
52.6 Toxic elements Gustav Drasch
52.7 Solvents and gaseous poisons Marie Balikova
52.8 Natural poisons Jochen Beyer
52.9 Pesticides and insecticides Helena Teixeira
52.10 Doping Mario Thevis and Wilhelm Schänzer
52.11 Cardiovascular drugs, Hiroshi Kinoshita
52.12 Paracetamol , Toshikazu Kondo
52.13 Interpretation of postmortem forensic toxicological results H. Druid/G. Skopp
PART VIII Traffic Medicine
53 Driving Aptitude and Fitness to Drive
Ramaekers
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Definitions and operationalisation
53.3 Factors influencing driving aptitude and fitness to drive
53.4 Assessment of driving aptitude and fitness to drive
54 Effects of Cardiovascular Disease on Fitness to Drive
Werner Jung
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Derivation of the risk of harm formula
54.3 Coronary heart disease
54.4 Arrhythmias
54.5 Syncope
54.6 Heart failure
55 Effects of Vision and Visual Fields on Fitness to Drive
Patrick Vivell
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Problems with vision
55.3 Visual field disorders
55.4 Condition after an eye operation
55.5 Problems of vision in older motorists
55.6 Effects of visual deficiencies
56 Effects of Epilepsy on Fitness to Drive
Randi von Wrede
56.1 General rules
56.2 Background
56.3 Legal aspects
56.4 Epilepsy and general road safety
56.5 Outlook
57 Effects of Diabetes on Fitness to Drive
Wulf Quester
57.1 Classification of diabetes
57.2 Stages of diabetes
57.3 Driving and treatment of diabetes
57.4 Driving performance and diabetes
57.5 Therapeutic aspects for driving safely with diabetes
58 Epidemiology and Causal Factors in Fitness to Drive
Ramaekers
58.1 Introduction
58.2 Epidemtiological methods
58.3 Examples of epidemtiological studies
59 Effects of Alcohol on Fitness to Drive
Alan Wayne Jones
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Medicolegal alcohol determination
59.3 Characteristics of offenders
59.4 Amounts of alcohol consumed
59.5 Alcohol consumption and crash risk
59.6 Alcohol tolerance
59.7 Conclusions
60 Effects of Illegal Drugs on Fitness to Drive
Frank Musshoff
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Problems regarding epidemiological data
60.3 Effects of drugs on driving
60.4 Forensic toxicological analyses
61 Effects of Medicinal Drugs on Fitness to Drive
E. L. Theunissen, K. P. C. Kuypers, A. Vermeeren and J. G. Ramaekers
61.1 Introduction
61.2 Medicinal drugs that impair driving
61.3 Conclusions
62 Toxicological Markers of Chronic Alcohol Abuse
Fritz Pragst
62.1 Introduction
62.2 Overview and characteristics
62.3 Biomarkers of alcohol consumption
62.4 Detection of chronic excessive alcohol consumption
62.5 Control of abstinence
63 Traffic Accidents
Burkhard Madea, Guy, Rutty and Hans-Dieter Wehner (†)
63.1 Road traffic accidents Burkhard Madea
63.2 Sudden death while driving G.Rutty
63.3 Suicide while driving G.Rutty
63.4 Railway accidents G.Rutty
63.5 Aircraft accidents M. Biggs
63.6 Mass disasters G.Rutty
63.7 Road Traffic Collision RTC (Trains, Horses, Carriages, Mobility Scooters, Bicycles etc.)
G.Rutty
PART IX Identification
64 Forensic DNA Analysis
Mechthild Prinz
64.1 Stain analysis Mechthild Prinz
64.2 Paternity testing and Mechthild Prinz
64.3 Molecular Photofitting and determination of geographic origin Mechthild Prinz
65 Forensic Anthropology
Cristina Cattaneo and Daniele Gibelli
65.1 Introduction
65.2 Identification of human remains
65.3 Identification of the living
66 Forensic Odontology
Ruediger Lessig
66.1 Introduction
66.2 Dental charting
66.3 Age estimation
66.4 Identification of an unknown person
66.5 Bite marks
PART X The Doctor and the Law
67 The Doctor and the Law
Brigitte Tag
67.1 Legal relevance of medical treatment
67.2 Legal aspects of personalised medicine
67.3 Assisted suicide and organised medically assisted suicide, Euthanasia
67.4 Research on corpses
67.5 Legal and ethical aspects concerning the handling of corpses and the display of human remains
PART XI Insurance Medicine
68 Personal Injury assessment
Teresa Magalhaes and Duarte Nuno Vieira
68.1 Introduction
68.2 Aim of personal injury assessment and reparation
68.3 General aspects for forensic medical assessment
68.4 Specifics of forensic medical reports for personal injury assessment
Further Reading
Index
Other versions by this Author