Fortran 95/2003 Explained

by Metcalf, Michael; Reid, John; Cohen, Malcolm

Edition: 3rd

ISBN13: 9780198526926

ISBN10: 019852692X

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2004-08-26

Publisher(s): Oxford University Press

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Summary

Fortran remains one of the principal languages used in scientific, numerical and engineering programming and a series of revisions to the standard versions of the language have progressively enhanced its power. The latest standard-Fortran 2003-greatly extends the power of the language, by introducing object-oriented concepts, interoperability with C, better integration with operating systems and many other enhancements. This text details all these new features. Fortran 95/2003 Explained , significantly expands on the second edition of Fortran 90/95 Explained (also publised by Oxford University Press): the opening chapters contain a complete description of the Fortran 95 language and are followed by descriptions of three formally approved extensions; six completely new chapters describe in detail the features that are new in Fortran 2003, but the distinction between the various language levels is kept clear throughout. Authored by the leading experts in the development of the language, this is the only complete and authoritative description of the two languages (Fortran 95 and Fortran 2003). Containing numerous examples, exercises and solutions, and an extensive index, it is highly suitable as both a student textbook and practitioner reference.

Author Biography

Michael Metcalf worked for many years at CERN, Geneva. He is the author of a range of publications, including Fortran 90/95 Explained (with John Reid) and Effective FORTRAN 77 (Oxford University Press), and FORTRAN Optimization (Academic Press). He is the editor of ACM Fortran Forum. John Reid is well known as a numerical analyst and is a co-author of Direct Methods for Sparse Matrices (OUP). He is the Convener of the ISO Fortran Committee and has played a leading role in the development of many of the features of Fortran 95 and 2003.
Malcolm Cohen is a mathematician and the leading compiler writer at NAG in Oxford. He has participated actively in the development of Fortran standards and was a major deisgner of Fortran 2003's object-oriented features.

Whence Fortran?

(8)

Introduction

(1)

Fortran's early history

(1)

The drive for the Fortran 90 standard

(1)

Language evolution

(1)

Fortran 95

(1)

Extensions to Fortran 95

(1)

Fortran 2003

(1)

Conformance

(2)

Language elements

(24)

Introduction

(1)

Fortran character set

(1)

Tokens

(1)

Source form

(2)

Concept of type

(1)

Literal constants of intrinsic type

(6)

Integer literal constants

(1)

Real literal constants

(1)

Complex literal constants

(1)

Character literal constants

(2)

Logical literal constants

(1)

Names

(1)

Scalar variables of intrinsic type

(1)

Derived data types

(1)

Arrays of intrinsic type

(3)

Character substrings

(1)

Objects and subobjects

(1)

Pointers

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(4)

Expressions and assignments

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Scalar numeric expressions

(3)

Defined and undefined variables

(1)

Scalar numeric assignment

(1)

Scalar relational operators

(1)

Scalar logical expressions and assignments

(2)

Scalar character expressions and assignments

(1)

Structure constructors and scalar defined operators

(3)

Scalar defined assignments

(1)

Array expressions

(2)

Array assignment

(1)

Pointers in expressions and assignments

(3)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Control constructs

(14)

Introduction

(1)

The go to statement

(1)

The if statement and construct

(2)

The case construct

(2)

The do construct

(5)

Summary

(2)

Exercises

(2)

Program units and procedures

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Main program

(1)

The stop statement

(1)

External subprograms

(1)

Modules

(3)

Internal subprograms

(1)

Arguments of procedures

(4)

Pointer arguments

(1)

Restrictions on actual arguments

(1)

Arguments with the target attribute

(1)

The return statement

(1)

Argument intent

(2)

Functions

(2)

Prohibited side-effects

(1)

Explicit and implicit interfaces

(2)

Procedures as arguments

(1)

Keyword and optional arguments

(1)

Scope of labels

(1)

Scope of names

(2)

Direct recursion

(1)

Indirect recursion

(2)

Overloading and generic interfaces

(4)

Assumed character length

(1)

The subroutine and function statements

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Array features

(30)

Introduction

(1)

Zero-sized arrays

(1)

Assumed-shape arrays

100

(1)

Automatic objects

100

(2)

Heap storage

102

(4)

Allocatable arrays

102

(1)

The allocate statement

103

(2)

The deallocate statement

105

(1)

The nullify statement

105

(1)

Elemental operations and assignments

106

(1)

Array-valued functions

106

(1)

The where statement and construct

107

(3)

The forall statement and construct

110

(3)

Pure procedures

113

(1)

Elemental procedures

114

(2)

Array elements

116

(1)

Array subobjects

117

(3)

Arrays of pointers

120

(1)

Pointers as aliases

121

(1)

Array constructors

122

(1)

Mask arrays

123

(1)

Summary

124

(3)

Exercises

127

(2)

Specification statements

129

(30)

Introduction

129

(1)

Implicit typing

129

(3)

Declaring entities of differing shapes

132

(1)

Named constants and constant expressions

132

(3)

Initial values for variables

135

(5)

Initialization in type declaration statements

135

(1)

The data statement

135

(3)

Pointer initialization and the function null

138

(1)

Default initialization of components

139

(1)

The public and private attributes

140

(2)

The pointer, target, and allocatable statements

142

(1)

The intent and optional statements

142

(1)

The save attribute

143

(1)

The use statement

144

(3)

Derived-type definitions

147

(2)

The type declaration statement

149

(1)

Type and type parameter specification

150

(1)

Specification expressions

151

(2)

Specification functions

152

(1)

The namelist statement

153

(1)

Summary

154

(2)

Exercises

156

(3)

Intrinsic procedures

159

(22)

Introduction

159

(1)

Keyword calls

159

(1)

Categories of intrinsic procedures

160

(1)

The intrinsic statement

160

(1)

Argument intents

160

(1)

Inquiry functions for any type

160

(1)

Elemental numeric functions

161

(2)

Elemental functions that may convert

161

(1)

Elemental functions that do not convert

162

(1)

Elemental mathematical functions

163

(1)

Elemental character and logical functions

164

(2)

Character--integer conversions

164

(1)

Lexical comparison functions

164

(1)

String-handling elemental functions

165

(1)

Logical conversion

165

(1)

Non-elemental string-handling functions

166

(1)

String-handling inquiry function

166

(1)

String-handling transformational functions

166

(1)

Numeric inquiry and manipulation functions

166

(3)

Models for integer and real data

166

(1)

Numeric inquiry functions

167

(1)

Elemental functions to manipulate reals

168

(1)

Transformational functions for kind values

169

(1)

Bit manipulation procedures

169

(2)

Inquiry function

169

(1)

Elemental functions

170

(1)

Elemental subroutine

171

(1)

Transfer function

171

(1)

Vector and matrix multiplication functions

172

(1)

Transformational functions that reduce arrays

172

(2)

Single argument case

172

(1)

Optional argument dim

173

(1)

Optional argument mask

173

(1)

Array inquiry functions

174

(1)

Allocation status

174

(1)

Bounds, shape, and size

174

(1)

Array construction and manipulation functions

174

(2)

The merge elemental function

174

(1)

Packing and unpacking arrays

175

(1)

Reshaping an array

175

(1)

Transformational function for replication

176

(1)

Array shifting functions

176

(1)

Matrix transpose

176

(1)

Transformational functions for geometric location

176

(1)

Transformational function for pointer disassociation

177

(1)

Non-elemental intrinsic subroutines

177

(2)

Real-time clock

177

(1)

CPU time

178

(1)

Random numbers

179

(1)

Summary

179

(1)

Exercises

180

(1)

Data transfer

181

(28)

Introduction

181

(1)

Number conversion

181

(1)

I/O lists

182

(2)

Format definition

184

(2)

Unit numbers

186

(1)

Internal files

187

(1)

Formatted input

188

(2)

Formatted output

190

(1)

List-directed I/O

190

(2)

Name list I/O

192

(2)

Non-advancing I/O

194

(1)

Edit descriptors

195

(8)

Repeat counts

195

(2)

Data edit descriptors

197

(2)

Minimal field width editing

199

(1)

Character string edit descriptor

200

(1)

Control edit descriptors

200

(3)

Unformatted I/O

203

(1)

Direct-access files

203

(2)

Execution of a data transfer statement

205

(1)

Summary

206

(1)

Exercises

207

(2)

Operations on external files

209

(10)

Introduction

209

(1)

File positioning statements

210

(2)

The backspace statement

210

(1)

The rewind statement

210

(1)

The endfile statement

211

(1)

Data transfer statements

211

(1)

The open statement

212

(2)

The close statement

214

(1)

The inquire statement

215

(3)

Summary

218

(1)

Exercises

218

(1)

Floating-point exception handling

219

(20)

Introduction

219

(1)

The IEEE standard

220

(1)

Access to the features

221

(2)

The Fortran flags

223

(1)

Halting

224

(1)

The rounding mode

224

(1)

The underflow mode (Fortran 2003 only)

225

(1)

The module ieee_exceptions

225

(3)

Derived types

225

(1)

Inquiry functions for IEEE exceptions

226

(1)

Subroutines for the flags and halting modes

226

(1)

Subroutines for the whole of the floating-point status

227

(1)

The module ieee_arithmetic

228

(5)

Derived types

228

(1)

Inquiry functions for IEEE arithmetic

229

(1)

Elemental functions

230

(2)

Non-elemental subroutines

232

(1)

Transformational function for kind value

232

(1)

Examples

233

(6)

Dot product

233

(1)

Calling alternative procedures

234

(1)

Calling alternative in-line code

234

(1)

Reliable hypotenuse function

235

(2)

Access to IEEE arithmetic values

237

(2)

Allocatable array extensions

239

(6)

Introduction

239

(1)

Allocatable dummy arguments

240

(1)

Allocatable functions

240

(1)

Allocatable components

241

(4)

Enhanced module facilities

245

(4)

Introduction

245

(1)

Submodules

246

(2)

Separate module procedures

246

(1)

Submodules of submodules

247

(1)

Submodule entities

247

(1)

Submodules and use association

248

(1)

The advantages of submodules

248

(1)

Interoperability with C

249

(12)

Introduction

249

(1)

Interoperability of intrinsic types

249

(2)

Interoperability with C types

251

(1)

Interoperability of derived types

252

(1)

Interoperability of variables

253

(1)

The value attribute

254

(1)

Interoperability of procedures

255

(1)

Interoperability of global data

256

(1)

Invoking a C function from Fortran

257

(1)

Invoking Fortran from C

258

(2)

Enumerations

260

(1)

Type parameters and procedure pointers

261

(10)

Introduction

261

(1)

Deferred type parameters

261

(1)

Type parameter enquiry

262

(1)

Parameterized derived types

262

(3)

Defining a parameterized derived type

262

(2)

Assumed and deferred type parameters

264

(1)

Default type parameter values

264

(1)

Derived type parameter enquiry

265

(1)

Abstract interfaces

265

(2)

Procedure pointers

267

(3)

Procedure pointer variables

267

(1)

Procedure pointer components

267

(1)

The pass attribute

268

(2)

Exercises

270

(1)

Object-oriented programming

271

(22)

Introduction

271

(1)

Type extension

271

(2)

Type extension and type parameters

273

(1)

Polymorphic entities

273

(2)

Unlimited polymorphic entities

274

(1)

The associate construct

275

(1)

The select type construct

276

(3)

Type-bound procedures

279

(5)

Specific type-bound procedures

279

(2)

Generic type-bound procedures

281

(1)

Type extension and type-bound procedures

282

(2)

Deferred bindings and abstract types

284

(1)

Finalization

284

(3)

Type extension and final subroutines

287

(1)

Procedure encapsulation example

287

(3)

Type inquiry functions

290

(1)

Exercises

291

(2)

Establishing and moving data

293

(12)

Introduction

293

(1)

Mixed component accessibility

293

(1)

Structure constructors

293

(2)

The allocate statement

295

(3)

Typed allocation and deferred type parameters

295

(1)

Polymorphic variables and typed allocation

296

(1)

Sourced allocation

297

(1)

Allocatable entities

298

(2)

Allocatable scalars

298

(1)

Assignment to an allocatable array

298

(1)

Transferring an allocation

299

(1)

Pointer assignment

300

(1)

More control of access from a module

300

(1)

Renaming operators on the use statement

301

(1)

Array constructor syntax

302

(1)

Specification and initialization expressions

303

(2)

Miscellaneous enhancements

305

(16)

Introduction

305

(1)

Pointer intent

305

(1)

The volatile attribute

305

(3)

Volatile semantics

306

(1)

Volatile scoping

307

(1)

Volatile arguments

308

(1)

The import statement

308

(2)

Intrinsic modules

310

(1)

Access to the computing environment

311

(1)

Environment variables

311

(1)

Command arguments and the command line

312

(1)

Support for internationalization

312

(4)

Character sets

313

(1)

ASCII character set

313

(1)

ISO 10646 character set

314

(1)

UTF-8 files

314

(1)

Decimal comma for input/output

315

(1)

Lengths of names and statements

316

(1)

Binary, octal, and hexadecimal constants

316

(1)

Other changes to intrinsic functions

317

(1)

Error message retrieval

318

(1)

Enhanced complex constants

318

(1)

Interface block extensions

318

(3)

Input/output enhancements

321

(10)

Introduction

321

(1)

Non-default derived-type input/output

321

(3)

Asynchronous input/output

324

(2)

The asynchronous attribute

326

(1)

Input and output of IEEE exceptional values

327

(1)

Stream access input/output

327

(1)

Recursive input/output

328

(1)

The flush statement

328

(1)

Comma after a P edit descriptor

328

(1)

The iomsg=specifier

329

(1)

The round=specifier

329

(1)

The sign=specifier

329

(1)

Kind type parameters of integer specifiers

329

(1)

Intrinsic functions for I/O status testing

329

(2)

Other features

331

(16)

Introduction

331

(1)

Storage association

331

(6)

Storage units

331

(1)

The equivalence statement

332

(2)

The common block

334

(2)

The block data program unit

336

(1)

Shape and character length disagreement

337

(2)

The entry statement

339

(1)

The include line

340

(1)

The do while form of loop control

341

(1)

Double precision real

341

(1)

The dimension and parameter statements

342

(1)

Specific names of intrinsic procedures

343

(4)

A Intrinsic procedures

347

(6)

B Obsolescent features

353

(8)

Obsolescent in Fortran 95

353

(6)

Fixed source form

353

(1)

Computed go to

354

(1)

Character length specification character*

354

(1)

Data statements among executables

355

(1)

Statement functions

355

(1)

Assumed character length of function results

356

(1)

Arithmetic if statement

357

(1)

Shared do-loop termination

357

(1)

Alternate return

358

(1)

Feature deleted in Fortran 2003: Carriage control

359

(1)

Features deleted in Fortran 95

359

(2)

C Pointer example

361

(10)

D Avoiding compilation cascades

371

(4)

E Fortran terms

375

(16)

F Solutions to exercises

391

(14)

Index

405

Fortran 95/2003 Explained

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