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Summary
Table of Contents
Foreword | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Series Editor | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
Author | p. xix |
What Is Ethics? | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Ethical Theories | p. 2 |
The Study of Ethics | p. 3 |
Utilitarianism: The Greater Good | p. 4 |
Deontological Ethics: Obligation and Intention | p. 6 |
Comparing Approaches for Forensic Science | p. 8 |
Ethical Decision Making | p. 9 |
Framework for Ethical Decisions | p. 12 |
Inherent Good Surpasses Noninherent Good | p. 13 |
Noninherent Evil Surpasses Inherent Evil | p. 14 |
When Selecting between Levels of Good or Evil, Select the Highest Good or the Lowest Evil | p. 14 |
Result of Decisions | p. 14 |
The Ethics of the Criminal Justice Culture | p. 19 |
Introduction | p. 19 |
Recruitment | p. 20 |
Culture | p. 21 |
Ethics of Criminal Justice | p. 23 |
Ethics Training | p. 25 |
Unethical Behavior | p. 26 |
Sources of Pressure for the Forensic Scientist | p. 31 |
Ethics in the Courtroom: The Scientist's Perspective | p. 33 |
Introduction 33role of Attorneys | p. 34 |
Attorney-Expert Relationship | p. 36 |
Misconduct | p. 38 |
Examples of Misconduct | p. 40 |
Duke Lacrosse Case, 2006 | p. 41 |
Federal Prosecutors, 2007 | p. 42 |
Research Ethics in Science | p. 45 |
Introduction | p. 45 |
Science, Technology, and Society | p. 46 |
Research and Publication | p. 48 |
Ethics in Science and Research | p. 51 |
Misconduct | p. 52 |
Ethics in Forensic Science | p. 57 |
Introduction | p. 57 |
Crime Scene | p. 58 |
Laboratory | p. 59 |
Role of the Scientific Expert Witness | p. 61 |
Qualification | p. 64 |
Admissibility of Scientific Evidence | p. 66 |
The Frye Case | p. 67 |
The Daubert Case | p. 68 |
Parameters | p. 69 |
Misconduct | p. 71 |
Unethical Behavior: The Fork in the Road | p. 75 |
Introduction | p. 75 |
Unethical Behavior | p. 77 |
Motivation | p. 82 |
Justification | p. 85 |
Consequences | p. 86 |
Whistle-Blowing | p. 88 |
Good Examples of Bad Behavior | p. 93 |
O. J. Simpson Case | p. 93 |
Case Studies | p. 94 |
False Credentials (Associated Press, 2007a) | p. 94 |
Misleading Degree (Moran, 2006) | p. 96 |
Pros | p. 96 |
Cons | p. 96 |
Abuse of Power (North, 2001) | p. 97 |
Supporting a Habit (Huicochea, 2008) | p. 98 |
"Errors" (Armstrong, 2007) | p. 98 |
Prosecutor Pressure (Moxley, 2008) | p. 99 |
Detroit (Clickondetroit.com, 2008) | p. 100 |
Procedure (Johnson, 2008) | p. 101 |
Fingerprints (Associated Press, 2008) | p. 102 |
Personal Gain (Bone, 2007) | p. 102 |
Research (Associated Press, 2006) | p. 103 |
So What Happened? | p. 103 |
What Was the Scientists' Defense? | p. 104 |
On the Other Hand | p. 104 |
FBI Whistle-Blower | p. 104 |
Notorious Examples Every Forensic Scientist Should Know | p. 105 |
Fred Zain | p. 105 |
Michael West | p. 105 |
Kathleen Lundy | p. 105 |
Allison Lancaster | p. 105 |
David Petersen | p. 106 |
Joyce Gilcrist | p. 106 |
Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory | p. 106 |
Codes of Ethics | p. 107 |
Introduction | p. 107 |
National Forensic Center | p. 109 |
Developing Codes of Ethics | p. 110 |
Purpose | p. 111 |
Council of Scientific Society Presidents Study of Codes of Ethics | p. 113 |
Familiarity with Codes of Ethics | p. 113 |
The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (A AFS) | p. 114 |
Article II. Code of Ethics and Conduct | p. 114 |
The American Board of Criminalistics (ABC) | p. 118 |
Rules of Professional Conduct | p. 118 |
American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors | p. 120 |
The International Association for Identification (IAI) | p. 120 |
An Ethical Approach to Forensic Professionalism | p. 123 |
Introduction | p. 123 |
Education | p. 123 |
Competence | p. 126 |
Professions and Professionalism | p. 127 |
Awareness | p. 128 |
National Academy of Sciences Report | p. 129 |
Initial Research Data on Ethics in Forensic Science | p. 131 |
Additional U.S. Forensic Science Professional Codes of Ethics | p. 141 |
U.S. Law Enforcement Professional Codes of Ethics | p. 157 |
International Forensic Science Professional Codes of Ethics | p. 171 |
Bibliography | p. 165 |
Index | p. 187 |
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