Disaster Response and Recovery promotes effective post-disaster operations in the emergency management profession. This textbook - which is based on both the academic literature and practical understanding - provides an overview of the various types of disasters may occur, the myriad of actors that are involved in emergency management, and the diverse theoretical frameworks from which post-disaster activities may be approached. After addressing the most salient functions performed when disasters strike, the book examines typical challenges to be expected during response efforts along with tools and techniques to enhance the ability to protect lives, reduce property damage and minimize disruption through multi-organizational preparedness, coordination and improvisation. Disaster Response and Recovery also includes strategies to facilitate the revitalization of affected communities while also incorporating vital mitigation measures to reduce future vulnerability.
Updated throughout, the Third Edition provides more information on numerous hazards: snow storms, avalanches, ice storms, fog and dust storms, dam failures, mudslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, Derecho wind storm, Covid-19, locust plague, environmental pollution, Beirut explosion, mining accidents, structural fires, building collapses, plane crashes, the Space Shuttle Columbia, riots, Las Vegas shooting, terrorist attacks, etc.). Reflecting developments since the last edition published, the book features new coverage of climate change, technology, drones, artificial intelligence, and matters of racial and social justice.
The book also addresses new concepts: community lifelines, vertical evacuation, tsunami wet and dry warnings, social capital, and the Internet of Things, new legislation, regulations, presidential orders, and emergency management policies and procedures are discussed (e.g., updates on National Planning Frameworks, National Preparedness Goal, National Risk and Capability Assessment, Stakeholder Preparedness Review, FEMA organization).
With proven principles and real-world case studies, this textbook is a valuable resource for scholars, students and practitioners interested in a more proactive form of emergency management. Additional pedagogical resources and an instructor’s manual are available on the book’s website.
About the Author
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Knowing What to Expect: Hazards, Vulnerability and Disasters
The Occurrence of Disasters
Important Concepts
Preview of Disaster Response and Recovery
Types of Hazards
Natural Hazards
Atmospheric Hazards
Hydrologic Hazards
Geologic Hazards
Seismic and Volcanic Hazards
Wildfire Hazards
Biological Hazards
Technological Hazards
Industrial Hazards
Environmental Hazards
Nuclear Hazards
Structural Fire Hazards
Structural Collapse Hazards
Transportation Hazards
Civil/Conflict Hazards
Panic Flight
Riots
Mass Shootings
Terrorism
War
The Complexity of Disasters
The Impact of Disasters
Changes Associated with Disasters
The Need for Response and Recovery Operations
Understanding the Actors: Roles and Responsibilities of Relevant Stakeholders
The Public Sector
Local Government
County and Regional Governments
State Government
Federal Government
Tribal Government
The Private Sector
Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery and Risk Management
Transportation
Sheltering and Housing
Emergency and Long-Term Medical Care
Media Reporting
Volunteers and Donations
Insurance Provision and Claim Settlement
Utility Restoration and Community Reconstruction
Vending of Goods and Services
The Nonprofit Sector
The Red Cross
Faith-Based Organizations
Community Groups
Emergent Groups
Working with All Partners and the Whole Community
Anticipating Attitudes and Behavior in Disasters: Myths, Exaggerations and Realities
General Disaster Attitudes and the Case of Covid-19
The Impact of Hollywood and the Media
Hollywood’s Portrayal of Disasters
The Media’s Role in Perpetuating Misconceptions
Research on Myths
Evidence of Exaggeration
Realities about Response and Recovery
The Importance of Understanding Behavior Correctly
Applying Alternative Management Theories: Disaster Response and Recovery Theory
The Traditional Model
Features of the Traditional Model
Strengths of the Traditional Model
Drawbacks of the Traditional Model
The Professional Model
Characteristics of the Professional Model
Benefits of the Professional Model
Weaknesses of the Professional Model
Comparison of the Models
Implementing Initial Response Measures: Hazard Detection, Warning, Evacuation and Sheltering
Hazard Detection
Initial Steps
Seeking Additional Information
Notifying and Communicating with Others
Implementing the Emergency Operations Plan
Activating the EOC
Issuing Warnings
Types of Warning Systems
Sirens
Media
Emergency Alert System
Reverse 911
Intercoms, Teletype Writers and Strobe Lights
Loud Speakers, Door-to-Door Notification and Weather Radios
Cell Phones/Smart Phones/Texting
Social Media
Warning Considerations
Evacuation
Means of Evacuation
Evacuation Behavior
Reasons Why People Do Not Evacuate
Evacuation Considerations
Evacuation Procedures
Sheltering
Sheltering Types
Shelter Use and Characteristics
Working with Others to Establish and Manage Shelters
Caring for the Injured, Dead and Distraught: Overcoming Physical and Emotional Impacts
Search and Rescue Operations
Types of SAR
Human Behavior During SAR Operations
Issues to Consider When Carrying out SAR
Resources Required for SAR
Situational Awareness in the SAR Function
Rescuer Needs in SAR Operations
SAR and immediate On-Site Emergency Care
SAR and Limited Time
Federal USAR Teams
Conducting SAR Operations
Emergency Medical Care, Triage and DMATs
Treating the Injured
Triage
The Ethics of Triage
Disaster Medical Assistance Teams
Mass Fatality Management
Mass Fatality Incidents and Their Challenges
Responding to Mass Fatality Incidents
Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams
Stress Management
Vulnerability to PTSD/CIS
Common Signs of PTSD/CIS
Overcoming PTSD/CIS
The Merit of Defusings and Debriefings
Managing Public Information, Donations and Volunteers: Expected Difficulties and Benefits
The Media and Social Media and Disasters
Types of Media and Their Behavior
Challenges Associated with the Media
Strategies for Working with the Media
Social Media and Disasters
Social Media Challenges and Guidelines for its Use
Dealing with Donations
Challenges Resulting from Donations
Hurricane Andrew
Oklahoma City Bombing
9/11 Terrorist Attacks
Recommendations for Donation Management
Volunteer Management
Difficulties Associated with Volunteers
Strategies for Volunteer Management
Rely on the Expertise of Nonprofit Organizations and Others
Register and Care for Volunteers
Match Their Skills with Disaster Needs
Evaluate Your Progress
The Value of Volunteer Management
Moving Beyond Immediate Needs: Damage Assessment, Disaster Declarations and Debris Removal
Assessing Damages
Types of Damage Assessment
Methods of Conducting Damage Assessments
Challenges in Damage Assessment
Accuracy
Working with Others
Access and Safety
Damage Assessment Procedures
Pre-Assessment Activities
Assessment Considerations
Disaster Declarations
Difficulties Associated with the Process
Factors Determining Declarations
Other Unique Declaration Requirements
Debris Produced by Disasters
Types of Debris
Debris Management Challenges
Dealing with Debris Effectively
Storage Locations, the Environment and Public Information
EPA Recommendations for Improving Debris Management
Regulations and Other Considerations
Reducing Expenses
Preventing Fraud
Promoting Recovery and Mitigation: Disaster Assistance, Rebuilding and Vulnerability Reduction
Disaster Impacts and Disaster Assistance
Types of IA
Loans and Grants
Services
Benefits
Facilitating IA
National Processing Service Center (NPSC)
Disaster Recovery Center (DRC)
Categories of PA
Emergency Assistance
Debris Removal
Protective Measures
Permanent Assistance
Road Systems
Water Control
Public Buildings/Equipment
Public Utility
Other Assistance
Accessing PA
Important Issues for Recovery
Minimizing Fraud
Protecting the Environment
Preserving Historic Buildings
Mitigating Future Disasters
Relocate to a New Site
Intraurban Relocation
Rebuild in the Same Area
The Potential for Disagreement
Pressing for Change
Lessons from the Loma Prieta Earthquake
Overcoming Typical Challenges: Vital Considerations for Response and Recovery
Communication and Coordination
The Importance of Communication and Coordination
Communication and Coordination Barriers
Enhancing Communication
Improving Coordination
Decision Making and Disasters
Overcoming Decision Errors
Transportation Issues and Logistics
Dealing with Transportation Problems
Logistics in Disasters
Vulnerable/Special Populations
Gender
Racial and Ethnic Groups
The Poor
Tourists
The Elderly
Children
The Disabled
Other Special Needs Groups
Meeting the Needs of Vulnerable/Special Populations
Politics and Disasters
Overcoming Political Problems
Legal Concerns
Disasters and the Law
Constitutional Rights
Negligence
Minimizing Liability
Record Keeping and Disasters
Keeping Accurate Records
Harnessing Technology and Organization: Tools and Structures for Effective Operations
The Importance of Technology
Communications Equipment and Interoperability
Trunked Radio Systems
The Internet
Voice over Internet Protocol and Other Equipment
ACU-1000
Video Conferencing
Interoperability
Decision Support Systems
Geographic Information System
Managing Disasters at the Local Level
The Incident Command System
Incident Command Structure and Principles
Pros and Cons of ICS
The Emergency Operations Center
Characteristics of an EOC
Challenges Facing EOCs
Using EOCs
A Comparison of ICS and EOCs
Memorandums of Understanding and Mutual Aid Agreements
Managing Disasters at the State Level
State Emergency Management System
Emergency Management Assistance Compact
Managing Disasters on a Federal Level
The National Incident Management System
Goals of NIMS
Principles of NIMS
Strengths of Weaknesses of NIMS
The National Response Framework
Emergency Support Functions in the NRF
The National Disaster Recovery Framework
Recovery Support Functions in the NDRF
Foreseeing the Future: Prior Lessons, Unaddressed Risks and Rising Vulnerability
Disasters on the Rise
Understanding Natural Disasters
Responding to a Natural Disaster
Understanding Technological Disasters
Responding to HazMat Incidents
Understanding Acts of Violence
Responding to Acts of Violence
Understanding Terrorism
Responding to Terrorist Disasters
Protecting First Responders
Protecting Evidence
Relying on Other Organizations
Unfolding and Unrecognized Hazards
Environmental Degradation, Global Warming and Climate Change
Pole Reversals
Asteroid Strikes
Biological and Public Health Threats
Information/Computer Technology Hazards
Responding to Information/Computer Technology Disasters
Increased Vulnerability
Persistent Poverty
Growing Population and Urbanization
The Benefit and Challenge of Diversity
Further Industrialization
Internationalization
Improper Land Use and Construction
Weak Emergency Management Institutions
Other Factors
Enhancing Disaster Resilience: Preparedness, Improvisation, Spontaneous Planning, Leadership and Professionalism
Reducing Vulnerability and Preparing Your Community
Establishing an Ordinance
Creating a Preparedness Council
Acquiring Resources
Resources Lists
Annual Budgets
Grants
Applying for and Managing Grants
Designing and Establishing an EOC
Hazard and Vulnerability Assessment
Writing an EOP
First Responder and Organizational Training
Disaster Exercises
Types of Exercises
Managing Exercises
Exercise Participants and Other Considerations
Public Education
Improvisation, Creativity, Flexibility and Spontaneous Planning
Leadership and Professionalism
Becoming a Professional Emergency Manager
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