Basic Steps in Planning Nursing Research : From Question to Proposal

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Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-09-15
Publisher(s): Jones & Bartlett
List Price: $107.95

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Summary

As an introduction to the research process, Basic Steps in Planning Nursing Research, Sixth Edition focuses on the development of an effective research plan, and guides readers through all stages of the process-from finding a research topic, to the final written proposal. The text presents the research steps in a logical manner and demonstrates how decisions at each stage directly affect what can be accomplished at the subsequent step. Throughout the entire process, the actual research question remains at the forefront of the plan. Beginning researchers new to the process will find Basic Steps particularly helpful, learning where to find information relevant to their topic, how to organize the information, and how to clearly communicate their questions, ideas, and plans. This text is also a great resource for researchers with higher levels of expertise who need guidance in developing a quality research plan. Regardless of the researcher's expertise level, Basic Steps in Planning Nursing Research treats the planning process as an art and maintains that research is only as good as its plan.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii
Chapter 1 How to Write a Researchable Question 1(24)
RESEARCH TOPICS
2(3)
WHAT IS A RESEARCHABLE QUESTION?
5(1)
ASKING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
6(4)
How to Write a Researchable Question
7(3)
EXAMINING COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH QUESTION
10(11)
Levels of Questions
11(8)
Rewriting Your Question
19(2)
BE INTERESTED IN YOUR IDEA
21(1)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
22(3)
Chapter 2 From Question to Problem 25(24)
FINDING THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT A TOPIC
26(6)
HOW TO SEARCH THE LITERATURE ON YOUR TOPIC
32(2)
LEVEL OF THEORY AND LEVEL OF QUESTION
34(2)
DEVELOPING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM FROM THE LITERATURE REVIEW
36(5)
Find Out What You Know
37(1)
Ask Questions about the Theory
38(1)
Look Up Interrelated Ideas
38(1)
Outline
39(1)
Convert Your Topic Outline to a Sentence Outline
40(1)
Relate the Theory to the Question
40(1)
BEGINNING WITH AN OBSERVATION
41(6)
Where Do You Start Your Literature Search?
43(4)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
47(2)
Chapter 3 The Full and Final Research Problem 49(14)
ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM
50(5)
Review of the Literature
50(1)
The Rationale for Developing the Question
51(1)
The Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
51(4)
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ARGUMENT
55(2)
STRONGEST ARGUMENT LAST
57(1)
Problem 1
57(1)
Problem 2
57(1)
SUBSTANTIATE WHAT YOU SAY
58(2)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
60(3)
Chapter 4 Critical Review of the Literature 63(16)
CONTENT OF A CRITIQUE
65(1)
WHAT TO CRITIQUE
66(1)
HOW TO DO A CRITIQUE
66(8)
GUIDELINES FOR CRITIQUE OF PUBLISHED RESEARCH
74(1)
WHERE DOES THE CRITIQUE BELONG?
75(1)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
75(4)
Chapter 5 Stating the Purpose of the Study 79(16)
LEVEL I: THE PURPOSE WRITTEN AS A DECLARATIVE STATEMENT
80(2)
LEVEL II: THE PURPOSE WRITTEN AS A QUESTION
82(3)
LEVEL III: THE PURPOSE WRITTEN AS A HYPOTHESIS
85(5)
EXAMINING THE COMPONENTS OF A HYPOTHESIS
90(1)
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
91(1)
STATING THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: A SUMMARY
91(2)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
93(2)
Chapter 6 Defining Your Terms 95(18)
TYPES OF VARIABLES
99(1)
DEFINING THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
100(2)
HOW VARIABLES ARE MEASURED
102(7)
Nominal Scale
103(1)
Ordinal Scale
104(1)
Interval (and Ratio) Scale
105(4)
TERMS THAT NEED DEFINITION
109(1)
WRITING OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS: A REVIEW
110(2)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
112(1)
Chapter 7 The Research Design: Blueprint for Action 113(36)
DESIGNING YOUR STUDY FROM THE QUESTION
115(1)
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH DESIGNS
115(4)
The Setting for the Study
116(1)
Timing of Data Collection
116(2)
Sample Selection
118(1)
Type of Data to Be Collected
119(1)
ISSUES OF CONTROL
119(1)
DESCRIPTIVE DE SIGNS
120(10)
Exploratory Descriptive Designs
120(5)
Descriptive Survey Designs
125(5)
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
130(5)
CONTROLLING UNWANTED INFLUENCES
135(8)
Extraneous Variables
136(4)
Bias
140(2)
The Hawthorne Effect
142(1)
Time
143(1)
LEVEL OF STUDY AND DEGREE OF CONTROL
143(2)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
145(4)
Chapter 8 Selecting the Sample 149(20)
TYPES OF SAMPLES
152(9)
Probability Samples
153(6)
Nonprobability Samples
159(2)
SAMPLE SIZE
161(3)
LEVEL OF STUDY AND SAMPLE SELECTION
164(3)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
167(2)
Chapter 9 Selecting a Method to Answer the Question 169(26)
OBSERVATION
171(7)
Degree of Investigator Involvement
174(2)
Degree of Structure
176(1)
Timing of Observations
177(1)
Type of Observation and Level of Study
178(1)
QUESTIONNAIRES AND INTERVIEWS
178(11)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews and Questionnaires
180(1)
Types of Questions
181(1)
Degree of Structure in Questionnaires and Interviews
181(3)
Setting Up Your Data Collection Instrument
184(1)
Projective Tests
185(2)
Level of Question and Degree of Structure
187(1)
Designing the Questionnaire or Interview Guide
188(1)
AVAILABLE DATA
189(2)
PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES
191(1)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
191(4)
Chapter 10 Reliability and Validity of Measurement 195(28)
ERRORS IN DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES
196(3)
VALIDITY
199(8)
Self-evident Measures
201(2)
Pragmatic Measures
203(2)
Construct Validity
205(2)
RELIABILITY
207(6)
Tests of Stability
207(2)
Tests of Equivalence
209(2)
Tests of Internal Consistency
211(2)
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ISSUES IN FIELD RESEARCH USING PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
213(3)
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY IN THE RESEARCH PLAN
216(1)
SELF-TEST
217(2)
Test Measures
217(1)
Answers
218(1)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
219(4)
Chapter 11 Ethics in Nursing Research 223(20)
PROBLEMS INVOLVING ETHICS
226(5)
Coercion of Subjects to Participate
228(1)
Withholding Benefits from Control Subjects
229(1)
Invasion of Privacy
230(1)
INFORMED CONSENT
231(2)
Information
231(1)
Free Choice
232(1)
Proxy Consents for Research
233(1)
BALANCING POTENTIAL BENEFIT AGAINST ACTUAL COST
233(2)
MAINTAINING ANONYMITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
235(1)
FEDERAL GUIDELINES ON THE SUBMISSION OF PROPOSALS FOR REVIEW
236(2)
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS
238(3)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
241(2)
Chapter 12 Planning for Analysis of Data 243(28)
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
244(12)
Structured versus Unstructured Data
245(1)
Content Analysis: Structuring Unstructured Data
246(2)
Reliability and Validity in Content Analysis
248(1)
Structured Data: Statistical Analysis
249(7)
INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
256(3)
Testing Hypotheses
258(1)
CHOOSING A STATISTICAL TEST: WHAT DOES YOUR HYPOTHESIS ASK?
259(5)
Difference between Two Groups
260(1)
Difference among Multiple Groups
261(1)
Correlation between Variables
261(2)
Estimation of Population Parameters from Sample Data
263(1)
Be Sure You Can Answer Your Question
264(1)
THE ANSWER IS IN THE QUESTION
264(3)
Level I Questions
264(1)
Level II Questions
265(1)
Level III Questions
266(1)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
267(4)
Chapter 13 Writing the Research Proposal 271(28)
THE INTRODUCTORY MATTER
273(1)
FORM OF THE FINAL RESEARCH PROBLEM
273(8)
The Introduction
274(1)
The Body
275(1)
The Rationale for your Research
276(4)
The Conclusion
280(1)
STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
281(1)
DEFINITION OF TERMS
281(1)
THE RESEARCH DESIGN
282(1)
THE SAMPLE
283(2)
Target Population
283(1)
Sample Selection
284(1)
METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS
285(1)
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
286(1)
DATA ANALYSIS
287(1)
PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS
287(1)
SUMMARY
288(1)
VARIATIONS IN THE PROPOSAL FORMAT
289(3)
Thesis or Dissertation
289(2)
Grant Proposals
291(1)
THE FINISHED PROPOSAL
292(2)
Check Your References
292(1)
Polishing the Draft
293(1)
RECOMMENDED READINGS
294(5)
Appendix 1 What Do Edmonton Seniors Say Are the Reasons for Including Herbal Supplements in Their Diet for the Maintenance of Their Health? 299(24)
Appendix 2 Value Orientations of the Copper Inuit 323(58)
Appendix 3 The Relationship Between Spirituality and Quality of Life: A Meta-Analysis 381(50)
Appendix 4 A Proposal for Studying the Factors Contributing to Frailty in the Oldest—Old 431(34)
Appendix 5 Maintaining Catheter Patency Using Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator 465(24)
Appendix 6 Standardized Telephone Triage Practice: Impact of Protocol Implementation on Reported Job Stress and Satisfaction by Nurses in a Pediatric Oncology Outpatient Setting 489(30)
Index 519

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