The Alaska State Constitution

by McBeath, Gerald A.; Knowles, Tony

ISBN13: 9780313277788

ISBN10: 0313277788

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 1997-01-30

Publisher(s): Greenwood Pub Group

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Summary

A constitutional and poliitical history of Alaska ranging from its colonial and territorial experience to the ratification of the Constitution in 1956 and subsequent amendments. Analytical commentary on the current constitution, article-by-article, makes up the heart of the book. A bibliographical essay, table of cases, and index are also included in this unique reference designed for students and teachers, scholars and experts, and lawyers dealing with legal history, state and local government, and American history.

SERIES FOREWORD

(4)

G. Alan Tarr

FOREWORD

xix

(4)

Tony Knowles

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xxiii

PART I. THE CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ALASKA

(22)

The Colonial and Territorial Experience

(3)

The Alaska Statehood Movement

(2)

Role of the Constitutional Convention

(1)

The State Constitutional Reform Movement

(1)

Preliminaries to the Constitutional Convention

(2)

Campaigns for Delegate Seats

(1)

Organization and Leadership of the Convention

(1)

Issues of Government and Policy at the Constitutional Convention

(6)

Ratification of the Constitution in 1956

(1)

Amendments to the Constitution

(2)

Conclusions

(2)

Notes to Part I

(2)

PART II. ALASKA CONSTITUTION AND COMMENTARY

(214)

Preamble

(1)

Article I: Declaration of Rights

(44)

Section 1. Inherent Rights

(6)

Section 2. Source of Government

(1)

Section 3. Civil Rights

(1)

Section 4. Freedom of Religion

(1)

Section 5. Freedom of Speech

(2)

Section 6. Assembly; Petition

(1)

Section 7. Due Process

(8)

Section 8. Grand Jury

(1)

Section 9. Jeopardy and Self-Incrimination

(2)

Section 10. Treason

(1)

Section 11. Rights of Accused

(5)

Section 12. Criminal Administration

(3)

Section 13. Habeas Corpus

(1)

Section 14. Searches and Seizures

(2)

Section 15. Prohibited State Action

(2)

Section 16. Civil Suits; Trial by Jury

(1)

Section 17. Imprisonment for Debt

(1)

Section 18. Eminent Domain

(1)

Section 19. Right to Keep and Bear Arms

(1)

Section 20. Quartering Soldiers

(1)

Section 21. Construction

(1)

Section 22. Right of Privacy

(3)

Section 23. Resident Preference

(1)

Section 24. Rights of Crime Victims

(2)

Article II: The Legislature

(22)

Section 1. Legislative Power; Membership

(1)

Section 2. Members' Qualifications

(1)

Section 3. Election and Terms

(1)

Section 4. Vacancies

(1)

Section 5. Disqualifications

(1)

Section 6. Immunities

(1)

Section 7. Salary and Expenses

(1)

Section 8. Regular Sessions

(1)

Section 9. Special Sessions

(1)

Section 10. Adjournment

(1)

Section 11. Interim Committees

(1)

Section 12. Rules

(2)

Section 13. Form of Bills

(2)

Section 14. Passage of Bills

(1)

Section 15. Veto

(1)

Section 16. Action upon Veto

(1)

Section 17. Bills Not Signed

(1)

Section 18. Effective Date

(1)

Section 19. Local or Special Acts

(1)

Section 20. Impeachment

(1)

Section 21. Suits against the State

(2)

Article III: The Executive

(16)

Section 1. Executive Power

(1)

Section 2. Governor's Qualifications

(1)

Section 3. Election

(1)

Section 4. Term of Office

(1)

Section 5. Limit on Tenure

(1)

Section 6. Dual Office Holding

(1)

Section 7. Lieutenant Governor Duties

(1)

Section 8. Same--Election

(1)

Section 9. Acting Governor

(1)

Section 10. Succession; Failure to Qualify

(1)

Section 11. Vacancy

(1)

Section 12. Absence

(1)

Section 13. Further Succession

(1)

Section 14. Title and Authority of Successor

(1)

Section 15. Compensation

(1)

Section 16. Governor's Authority

(1)

Section 17. Convening Legislature

(1)

Section 18. Messages to Legislature

100

(1)

Section 19. Military Authority

100

(1)

Section 20. Martial Law

100

(1)

Section 21. Executive Clemency

101

(1)

Section 22. Executive Branch

101

(1)

Section 23. Reorganization

102

(1)

Section 24. Supervision

103

(1)

Section 25. Department Heads

103

(2)

Section 26. Boards and Commissions

105

(1)

Section 27. Recess Appointments

106

(1)

Article IV: The Judiciary

107

(15)

Section 1. Judicial Power and Jurisdiction

108

(1)

Section 2. Supreme Court

109

(1)

Section 3. Superior Court

110

(1)

Section 4. Qualifications of Justices and Judges

110

(1)

Section 5. Nomination and Appointment

111

(1)

Section 6. Approval or Rejection

112

(1)

Section 7. Vacancy

113

(1)

Section 8. Judicial Council

114

(1)

Section 9. Additional Duties

115

(1)

Section 10. Commission on Judicial Conduct

116

(2)

Section 11. Retirement

118

(1)

Section 12. Impeachment

118

(1)

Section 13. Compensation

118

(1)

Section 14. Restrictions

119

(1)

Section 15. Rule-Making Power

119

(1)

Section 16. Court Administration

120

(2)

Article V: Suffrage and Elections

122

(7)

Section 1. Qualified Voters

122

(3)

Section 2. Disqualifications

125

(1)

Section 3. Methods of Voting; Election Contests

125

(2)

Section 4. Voting Precincts; Registration

127

(1)

Section 5. General Elections

127

(2)

Article VI: Legislative Apportionment

129

(11)

Section 1. Election Districts

130

(1)

Section 2. Senate Districts

130

(1)

Section 3. Reapportionment of House

131

(1)

Section 4. Method

132

(1)

Section 5. Combining Districts

132

(1)

Section 6. Redistricting

133

(2)

Section 7. Modifications of Senate Districts

135

(1)

Section 8. Reapportionment Board

136

(1)

Section 9. Organization

137

(1)

Section 10. Reapportionment Plan and Proclamation

137

(1)

Section 11. Enforcement

138

(2)

Article VII: Health, Education, and Welfare

140

(6)

Section 1. Public Education

140

(3)

Section 2. State University

143

(1)

Section 3. Board of Regents of University

144

(1)

Section 4. Public Health

144

(1)

Section 5. Public Welfare

145

(1)

Article VIII: Natural Resources

146

(18)

Section 1. Statement of Policy

148

(1)

Section 2. General Authority

148

(2)

Section 3. Common Use

150

(3)

Section 4. Sustained Yield

153

(1)

Section 5. Facilities and Improvements

153

(1)

Section 6. State Public Domain

154

(1)

Section 7. Special Purpose Sites

154

(1)

Section 8. Leases

155

(1)

Section 9. Sales and Grants

155

(1)

Section 10. Public Notice

156

(1)

Section 11. Mineral Rights

156

(2)

Section 12. Mineral Leases and Permits

158

(1)

Section 13. Water Rights

159

(1)

Section 14. Access to Navigable Waters

159

(1)

Section 15. No Exclusive Right of Fishery

159

(2)

Section 16. Protection of Rights

161

(1)

Section 17. Uniform Application

162

(1)

Section 18. Private Ways of Necessity

163

(1)

Article IX: Finance and Taxation

164

(16)

Section 1. Taxing Power

164

(1)

Section 2. Nondiscrimination

165

(1)

Section 3. Assessment Standards

165

(1)

Section 4. Exemptions

166

(2)

Section 5. Interests in Government Property

168

(1)

Section 6. Public Purpose

168

(2)

Section 7. Dedicated Funds

170

(1)

Section 8. State Debt

171

(1)

Section 9. Local Debts

172

(1)

Section 10. Interim Borrowing

173

(1)

Section 11. Exceptions

173

(1)

Section 12. Budget

174

(1)

Section 13. Expenditures

174

(1)

Section 14. Legislative Post-Audit

175

(1)

Section 15. Alaska Permanent Fund

175

(1)

Section 16. Appropriation Limit

176

(1)

Section 17. Budget Reserve Fund

177

(3)

Article X: Local Government

180

(15)

Section 1. Purpose and Construction

181

(2)

Section 2. Local Government Powers

183

(1)

Section 3. Boroughs

184

(1)

Section 4. Assembly

185

(1)

Section 5. Service Areas

186

(1)

Section 6. Unorganized Boroughs

186

(1)

Section 7. Cities

187

(1)

Section 8. Council

188

(1)

Section 9. Charters

188

(1)

Section 10. Extended Home Rule

189

(1)

Section 11. Home Rule Powers

189

(2)

Section 12. Boundaries

191

(2)

Section 13. Agreements; Transfer of Powers

193

(1)

Section 14. Local Government Agency

193

(1)

Section 15. Special Service Districts

194

(1)

Article XI: The Initiative, Referendum, and Recall

195

(10)

Section 1. Initiative and Referendum

196

(1)

Section 2. Application

197

(1)

Section 3. Petition

197

(1)

Section 4. Initiative Election

198

(2)

Section 5. Referundum Election

200

(1)

Section 6. Enactment

201

(1)

Section 7. Restrictions

202

(2)

Section 8. Recall

204

(1)

Article XII: General Provisions

205

(7)

Section 1. State Boundaries

205

(1)

Section 2. Intergovernmental Relations

205

(1)

Section 3. Office or Profit

206

(1)

Section 4. Disqualification for Disloyalty

206

(1)

Section 5. Oath of Office

206

(1)

Section 6. Merit System

207

(1)

Section 7. Retirement Systems

207

(1)

Section 8. Residual Power

208

(1)

Section 9. Provisions Self-Executing

208

(1)

Section 10. Interpretation

208

(1)

Section 11. Law-Making Power

208

(1)

Section 12. Disclaimer and Agreement

209

(1)

Section 13. Consent to Act of Admission

210

(2)

Article XIII: Amendments and Revision

212

(5)

Section 1. Amendments

213

(1)

Section 2. Convention

214

(1)

Section 3. Call by Referendum

214

(2)

Section 4. Powers

216

(1)

Article XIV: Apportionment Schedule

217

(1)

Article XV: Schedule of Transitional Measures

218

(8)

Section 1. Continuance of Laws

219

(1)

Section 2. Saving of Existing Rights and Liabilities

219

(1)

Section 3. Local Government

219

(1)

Section 4. Continuance of Office

220

(1)

Section 5. Corresponding Qualifications

220

(1)

Section 6. Governor to Proclaim Election

220

(1)

Section 7. First State Elections

220

(1)

Section 8. United States Senators and Representatives

220

(1)

Section 9. Terms of First Governor and Lieutenant Governor

221

(1)

Section 10. Election of First Senators

221

(1)

Section 11. Terms of First State Legislators

221

(1)

Section 12. Election Returns

221

(1)

Section 13. Assumption of Office

222

(1)

Section 14. First Session of Legislature

222

(1)

Section 15. Office Holding by First Legislators

222

(1)

Section 16. First Judicial Council

222

(1)

Section 17. Transfer of Court Jurisdiction

222

(1)

Section 18. Territorial Assets and Liabilities

223

(1)

Section 19. First Reapportionment

223

(1)

Section 20. State Capital

223

(1)

Section 21. Seal

223

(1)

Section 22. Flag

223

(1)

Section 23. Special Voting Provision

223

(1)

Section 24. Ordinances

223

(1)

Section 25. Effective Date

224

(1)

Section 26. Appropriations for Relocation of the Capital

224

(1)

Section 27. Reconsideration of Amendment Limiting Increases in Appropriations

224

(1)

Section 28. Application of Amendment

224

(2)

Ordinance No. 1: Ratification of the Constitution

226

(2)

Section 1. Election

226

(1)

Section 2. Ballot

226

(1)

Section 3. Canvass

226

(1)

Section 4. Acceptance and Approval

227

(1)

Section 5. Submission of Constitution

227

(1)

Ordinance No. 2: Alaska-Tennessee Plan

228

(4)

Section 1. Statement of Purpose

228

(1)

Section 2. Ballot

228

(1)

Section 3. Approval

228

(1)

Section 4. Election of Senators and Representative

229

(1)

Section 5. Terms

229

(1)

Section 6. Qualifications

229

(1)

Section 7. Other Office Holding

229

(1)

Section 8. Election Procedure

229

(1)

Section 9. Independent Candidates

229

(1)

Section 10. Party Nominations

230

(1)

Section 11. Certification

230

(1)

Section 12. Ballot Form; Who Is Elected

230

(1)

Section 13. Duties and Emoluments

230

(1)

Section 14. Convention Assistance

230

(1)

Section 15. Alternate Effective Dates

231

(1)

Ordinance No. 3: Abolition of Fish Traps

232

(5)

Section 1. Ballot

232

(1)

Section 2. Effect of Referendum

232

(1)

Notes to Part II

233

(4)

APPENDIX: Proposals to Amend the Alaska Constitution

237

(4)

BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY

241

(4)

TABLE OF CASES

245

(8)

INDEX

253