Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration, 3rd Edition

by Ian Moir (Independent Consultant); Allan Seabridge (BAE Systems, UK)

ISBN13: 9780470770948

ISBN10: 0470770945

Format: eBook

Pub. Date: 2008-07-01

Publisher(s): WILEY

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Summary

This third edition of Aircraft Systems represents a timely update of the Aerospace Series' successful and widely acclaimed flagship title. Moir and Seabridge present an in-depth study of the general systems of an aircraft - electronics, hydraulics, pneumatics, emergency systems and flight control to name but a few - that transform an aircraft shell into a living, functioning and communicating flying machine. Advances in systems technology continue to alloy systems and avionics, with aircraft support and flight systems increasingly controlled and monitored by electronics; the authors handle the complexities of these overlaps and interactions in a straightforward and accessible manner that also enhances synergy with the book's two sister volumes, Civil Avionics Systems and Military Avionics Systems.Aircraft Systems, 3 rd Edition is thoroughly revised and expanded from the last edition in 2001, reflecting the significant technological and procedural changes that have occurred in the interim - new aircraft types, increased electronic implementation, developing markets, increased environmental pressures and the emergence of UAVs. Every chapter is updated, and the latest technologies depicted. It offers an essential reference tool for aerospace industry researchers and practitioners such as aircraft designers, fuel specialists, engine specialists, and ground crew maintenance providers, as well as a textbook for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students in systems engineering, aerospace and engineering avionics.

Foreword.
Series Preface.
About the Authors.
Acknowledgements.
List of Abbreviations.
Introduction.
Systems Integration
Systems Interaction
Flight Control Systems.
Introduction
Principles of Flight Control
Flight Control Surfaces
Primary Flight Control
Secondary Flight Control
Commercial Aircraft
Primary Flight Control.
Secondary Flight Control.
Flight Control Linkage Systems
Push-Pull Control Rod System.
Cable and Pulley System.
High Lift Control Systems
Trim and Feel
Trim.
Feel.
Flight Control Actuation
Simple Mechanical/Hydraulic Actuation.
Mechanical Actuation with Electrical Signalling.
Multiple Redundancy Actuation.
Mechanical Screwjack Actuator.
Integrated Actuator Package (IAP).
Advanced Actuation Implementations.
Civil System Implementations
Top-Level Comparison.
Airbus Implementation.
Fly-By-Wire Control Laws
A380 Flight Control Actuation
Boeing 777 Implementation
Interrelationship of Flight Control, Guidance and Flight Management
Engine Control Systems.
Introduction
Engine/Airframe Interfaces.
Engine Technology and Principles of Operation
The Control Problem
Fuel Flow Control.
Air Flow Control.
Control Systems.
Control System Parameters.
Input Signals.
Output Signals.
Example Systems
Design Criteria
Engine Starting
Fuel Control.
Ignition Control.
Engine Rotation.
Throttle Levers.
Starting Sequence.
Engine Indications
Engine Oil Systems
Engine Offtakes
Reverse Thrust
Engine Control on Modern Civil Aircraft
Fuel Systems.
Introduction
Characteristics of Fuel Systems
Description of Fuel System Components
Fuel Transfer Pumps.
Fuel Booster Pumps.
Fuel Transfer Valves.
Non-Return Valves (NRVs).
Fuel Quantity Measurement
Level Sensors.
Fuel Gauging Probes.
Fuel Quantity Measurement Basics.
Tank Shapes.
Fuel Properties.
Fuel Quantity Measurement Systems.
Fokker F50/F100 System.
Airbus A320 System.
ÆSmart' Probes.
Ultrasonic Probes.
Fuel System Operating Modes
Pressurisation.
Engine Feed.
Fuel Transfer.
Refuel/Defuel.
Vent Systems.
Use of Fuel as a Heat Sink.
External Fuel Tanks.
Fuel Jettison.
In-Flight Refuelling.
Integrated Civil Aircraft Systems
Bombardier Global Express.
Boeing 777.
A340-500/600 Fuel System.
Fuel Tank Safety
Principles of Fuel Inerting.
Air Separation Technology.
Typical Fuel Inerting System.
Polar Operations û Cold Fuel Management
Minimum Equipment List (MEL).
Cold Fuel Characteristics.
Fuel Temperature Indication.
Hydraulic Systems.
Introduction
Hydraulic Circuit Design
Hydraulic Actuation
Hydraulic Fluid
Fluid Pressure
Fluid Temperature
Fluid Flow Rate
Hydraulic Piping
Hydraulic Pumps
Fluid Conditioning
Hydraulic Reservoir
Warnings and Status
Emergency Power Sources
Proof of Design
Aircraft System Applications
The Avro RJ Hydraulic System.
The BAE SYSTEMS Hawk 200 Hydraulic System.
Tornado Hydraulic System.
Civil Transport Comparison
Airbus A320.
Boeing 767.
Landing Gear Systems
Nose Gear.
Main Gear.
Braking Anti-Skid and Steering.
Electronic Control.
Automatic Braking.
Multi-Wheel Systems.
Brake Parachute.
Electrical Systems.
Introduction
Electrical Power Evolution.
Aircraft Electrical System
Power Generation
DC Power Generation.
AC Power Generation.
Power Generation Control.
Primary Power Distribution
Power Conversion and Energy Storage
Inverters.
Transformer Rectifier Units (TRUs).
Auto-Transformers.
Battery Chargers.
Batteries.
Secondary Power Distribution
Power Switching.
Load Protection.
Typical Aircraft DC System
Typical Civil Transport Electrical System
Electrical Loads
Motors and Actuation.
DC Motors.
AC Motors.
Lighting.
Heating.
Subsystem Controllers and Avionics Systems.
Ground Power.
Emergency Power Generation
Ram Air Turbine.
Backup Power Converters.
Permanent Magnet Generators (PMGs).
Recent Systems Developments
Electrical Load Management System (ELMS).
Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF).
270 VDC Systems.
More-Electric Aircraft (MEA).
Recent Electrical System Developments
Airbus A380 Electrical System Overview.
A400M.
B787 Electrical Overview.
Electrical Systems Displays
Pneumatic Systems.
Introduction
Use of Bleed Air
Engine Bleed Air Control
Bleed Air System Indications
Bleed Air System Users
Wing and Engine Anti-Ice.
Engine Start.
Thrust Reversers.
Hydraulic Systems.
Pitot Static Systems
Innovative Methods of Pitot-Static Measurement.
Environmental Control Systems.
Introduction
The Need for a Controlled Environment
Kinetic Heating.
Solar Heating.
Avionics Heat Loads.
Airframe System Heat Loads.
The Need for Cabin Conditioning.
The Need for Avionics Conditioning.
The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
Environmental Control System Design
Ram Air Cooling.
Fuel Cooling.
Engine Bleed.
Bleed Flow and Temperature Control.
Cooling Systems
Air Cycle Refrigeration Systems.
Turbofan System.
Bootstrap System.
Reversed Bootstrap.
Ram Powered Reverse Bootstrap.
Vapour Cycle Systems.
Liquid Cooled Systems.
Expendable Heat Sinks.
Humidity Control
The Inefficiency of Present Systems
Air Distribution Systems
Avionics Cooling.
Unconditioned Bays.
Conditioned Bays.
Conditioned Bay Equipment Racking.
Ground Cooling.
Cabin Distribution Systems.
Cabin Noise
Cabin Pressurisation
Hypoxia
Molecular Sieve Oxygen Concentrators
g Tolerance
Rain Dispersal
Anti-Misting and De-Misting
Aircraft Icing
Emergency Systems.
Introduction
Warning Systems
Fire Detection and Suppression
Emergency Power Sources
Explosion Suppression
Emergency Oxygen
Passenger Evacuation
Crew Escape
Computer-Controlled Seats
Ejection System Timing
High Speed Escape
Crash Recorder
Crash Switch
Emergency Landing
Emergency System Testing
Rotary Wing Systems.
Introduction
Special Requirements of Helicopters
Principles of Helicopter Flight
Helicopter Flight Control
Primary Flight Control Actuation
Manual Control.
Auto-Stabilisation.
Autopilot Modes.
Key Helicopter Systems
Engine and Transmission System.
Hydraulic Systems.
Electrical System.
Health Monitoring System.
Specialised Helicopter Systems.
Helicopter Auto-Flight Control
EH 101 Flight Control System.
NOTAR Method of Yaw Control.
Active Control Technology
Advanced Battlefield Helicopter
Target Acquisition and Designator System (TADS)/Pilots Night Vision System (PNVS).
AH-64 C/D Longbow Apache.
Tilt Rotor Systems
Tilt Rotor Concept and Development.
V-22 OSPREY.
Civil Tilt Rotor.
Advanced Systems.
Introduction
STOL Manoeuvre Technology Demonstrator (SMTD).
Vehicle Management Systems (VMS).
More-Electric Aircraft.
More-Electric Engine.
Stealth
Joint Strike Fighter (JSF).
Integrated Flight and Propulsion Control (IFPC)
Vehicle Management System
More-Electric Aircraft
Engine Power Offtakes.
Boeing 787 (More-Electric) Electrical System.
More-Electric Hydraulic System.
More-Electric Environmental Control System.
More-Electric Actuation
Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA).
Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMA).
Electric Braking.
More-Electric Engine
Conventional Engine Characteristics.
More-Electric Engine Characteristics.
Impact of Stealth Design
Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk.
Northrop B-2 Spirit.
Joint Strike Fighter û F-35 Lightning II.
Technology Developments/Demonstrators
Fault Tolerant 270VDC Electrical Power Generation System.
Thermal and Energy Management Module.
AFTI F-16 Flight Demonstration.
System Design and Development.
Introduction
Systems Design.
Development Processes.
System Design
Key Agencies and Documentation.
Design Guidelines and Certification Techniques.
Key Elements of the Development Process.
Major Safety Processes
Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA).
Preliminary System Safety Analysis (PSSA).
System Safety Analysis (SSA).
Common Cause Analysis (CCA).
Requirements Capture
Top-Down Approach.
Bottom-Up Approach.
Requirements Capture Example.
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
Dependency Diagram
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Component Reliability
Analytical Methods.
In-Service Data.
Dispatch Reliability
Markov Analysis
Development Processes
The Product Life Cycle.
Concept Phase.
Definition Phase.
Design Phase.
Build Phase.
Test Phase (Qualification Phase).
Operate Phase.
Disposal or Refurbish.
Development Programme.
ÆV' Diagram.
Extended Operations (ETOPS)
Avionics Technology.
Introduction
The Nature of Microelectronic Devices
Processors.
Memory Devices.
Digital Data Buses.
A 429 Data Bus.
MIL-STD-1553B.
ARINC 629 Data Bus.
COTS Data Buses.
Data Bus Integration of Aircraft Systems
Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP).
Airbus A330/340.
Boeing 777.
Regional Aircraft/Business Jets.
A380 Avionics Architecture.
Boeing 787 Avionics Architecture.
COTS Data Buses û IEEE 1394.
Fibre Optic Buses
Avionics Packaging Standards
Air Transport Radio (ATR).
Modular Concept Unit (MCU).
Typical LRU Architecture
Integrated Modular Avionics
Environmental Conditions.
Introduction
Environmental Factors
Altitude.
Temperature.
Contamination by Fluids.
Solar Radiation.
Rain, Humidity, Moisture.
Fungus.
Salt Fog/Salt Mist.
Sand and Dust.
Explosive Atmosphere.
Acceleration.
Immersion.
Vibration.
Acoustic Noise.
Shock.
Pyroshock.
Acidic Atmosphere.
Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, Altitude.
Icing/Freezing Rain.
Vibro-Acoustic, Temperature.
RF Radiation.
Lightning.
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical.
Testing and Validation Process
Index.
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.