Closed Captioning Handbook

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Format: Nonspecific Binding
Pub. Date: 2004-03-29
Publisher(s): Routledge
List Price: $79.95

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Summary

This guide will give you the know-how you need to be in compliance with U.S. closed captioning mandates through 2012! THE CLOSED CAPTIONING HANDBOOK gives you what you need to: * Understand and comply with captioning laws, including the Telecommunications * * Act and Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act* Purchase, understand and use captioning equipment* Select and hire captioning professionals* Use captioning for broadcast TV, digital TV, DVD, movie theaters, Internet, streaming media and more* Design standards-compliant captioning software* Understand the terminology of captioning, broadcasting and deafness Captioning laws are varied, complex and fluid. THE CLOSED CAPTIONING HANDBOOK provides implementation timetables, exceptions, and up-to-date information on the latest FCC ruling, along with a historical perspective on the U.S. laws--all explained in a clear, simple language with supporting quotes from government documents. Closed captioning is infiltrating every aspect of the broadcast industry, and THE CLOSED CAPTIOINING HANDBOOK is the only comprehensive handbook that explains what it is, how it works, and how to use it. A pioneer and leader in the field, Gary Robson is a true evangelist for captioning and accessibility for dead and hard-of-hearing people. Focal Press is a proud sponsor of www.captioncentral.com, your online resource for articles, news and other resources in closed captioning. *Teaches American broadcasters what they need to do to comply with the law requiring closed captioning by 2006*Written by a pioneer in the field*Complete glossary of terms relating to captioning, broadcasting, deafness, and realtime, aswell as appendices of the relevant standards

Table of Contents

Tables of Illustrations xvii
List of Figures
xvii
List of Tables
xx
Foreword xxii
Preface and Acknowledgments xxv
Introduction 1(2)
Conventions Used in This Book
1(1)
A Note on Sample Code
2(1)
1 Why Closed Captioning? 3(6)
Defining Terminology
4(1)
An Overview of Line 21 Closed Captioning
5(1)
Captioning Symbols and Logos
6(3)
2 A Brief History of Captioning 9(8)
3 Captioning Styles and Conventions 17(12)
Measuring Quality
17(2)
Mixed-Case vs. All Uppercase
19(1)
Verbatim vs. Edited Captions
20(3)
Why Verbatim?
20(1)
Why Edit for Reading Speed?
21(1)
Drawing Conclusions
21(2)
Conventions in Caption Presentation
23(6)
Speaker Identification
23(2)
Punctuation and Spacing
25(1)
Acronyms and Abbreviations
25(1)
Sound Effects and Onomatopoeias
26(1)
Music
26(1)
Blanking the Captions
27(2)
4 Captioning Law 29(18)
The Americans with Disabilities Act
29(4)
The Television Decoder Circuitry Act
33(6)
EIA-608
34(1)
Full Text of the TDCA
35(2)
Plugging the DTV Loophole
37(2)
The Telecommunications Act of 1996
39(3)
Exemptions
41(1)
Emergency Captioning
42(2)
No Fooling Around
43(1)
What's Actually Required
43(1)
Rehabilitation Act of 1998, Section 508
44(1)
Captioning Complaints
45(2)
Jurisdiction of the FCC
46(1)
5 Consumer Captioning Equipment 47(10)
Connecting Equipment
48(1)
Captions on Consumer Televisions
49(3)
How Captions Are Turned On and Off
50(1)
Language Support
50(1)
Text Support
51(1)
Fonts
51(1)
Picture-in-Picture
51(1)
"Caption Volume Control"
52(1)
Caption Relocation
52(1)
Making Captions Work with VCRs
52(1)
Making Captions Work with DVD Players
53(1)
Caption Readers and Decoders for Computers
54(3)
Caption Display
54(1)
Caption Capture
55(1)
Caption Monitoring and Alarms
56(1)
Custom Programming
56(1)
6 Troubleshooting 57(6)
Consumer Troubleshooting
57(5)
Captions Are Missing (Television)
57(1)
Captions Are Missing (VCR)
58(1)
Captions Are Missing (DVR)
59(1)
Captions Are Missing (DVD)
59(1)
Captions Are Doubled
60(1)
Captions Are Scrambled
61(1)
Broadcast Troubleshooting
62(1)
Captions Are Being Stripped
62(1)
7 Line 21 Technical Details 63(18)
The Line 21 Waveform
63(1)
The Line 21 Character Set
64(3)
Text Attributes
67(1)
Caption Display Area
68(2)
Preamble Address Codes (PACs)
70(3)
Decoder Memories and Caption Styles
73(1)
Roll-Up Captioning
73(4)
Word Wrapping
75(1)
Backing Up and Making Corrections
75(2)
Moving Roll-Up Captions Around the Screen
77(1)
Pop-On Captioning
77(1)
Paint-On Captioning
78(1)
Text Mode
78(3)
8 Encoding Equipment 81(12)
Encoder Modes
81(2)
Block Upstream Captions and Insert Raw Line 21 Data
81(1)
Block Upstream Captions and Insert Realtime ASCII Text
82(1)
Pass Through Upstream Captions Unmodified
83(1)
Pass Through Upstream Captions by Regenerating Line 21
83(1)
XDS Insertion
83(1)
Open Captioning and Character Generators
83(1)
Encoder Form Factors
84(1)
Encoder Interfaces
85(1)
DTV Encoders (Servers) and Transcoders
86(1)
XDS Encoders
87(2)
Caption Bridges and Relocation
89(2)
Handling Multiple Lines and Fields
91(1)
Software Encoding
91(2)
9 Decoding Equipment 93(6)
Consumer vs. Broadcast Decoders
93(1)
Decoder Chips
93(2)
Do It Yourself
94(1)
Data Recovery Decoders
95(4)
Caption Monitoring
95(1)
Simulcasting
96(1)
Producing Transcripts for Searchable Video Archives
96(1)
Recaptioning an Edited Show
97(2)
10 Online Captioning Overview 99(20)
Working with Scripts
99(6)
Scripts from Newsroom Computers
99(4)
Interspersing Scripts with Realtime
103(1)
Standard Scripts
103(1)
The Ultimate Script
104(1)
Autofeed
105(1)
"Typed Realtime"
106(1)
Stock Captions
106(1)
Online Captioning Software
106(13)
Purchasing Online Captioning Software
107(1)
System Requirements and Configurations
108(1)
Software Features
109(7)
Translation Dictionaries
116(3)
11 Realtime Stenocaptioning 119(30)
Stenotype Theory
119(3)
Fingerspelling
122(1)
Writing Numbers
122(1)
Punctuation and Speaker Identification
123(1)
Control and Editing Strokes
124(1)
Conflict Resolution
124(1)
Automatic Conflict Resolution
125(1)
ACR Basics
126(1)
Obscenities in Captioning
126(1)
Stenotype Keyboards
127(6)
The History of Steno Keyboards
130(1)
Stacking
131(1)
Realtime Interfaces
132(1)
Translation Dictionaries
133(9)
Backing Up and Making Corrections
134(1)
Prefixes and Suffixes
135(1)
Punctuation and Special Characters
136(1)
Character Attributes
137(1)
Capitalization
137(1)
Caption Positioning
138(1)
System Control
139(1)
Phonetic Translation
140(1)
Dictionary Exchange Formats (RTF/CRE)
140(2)
Bloopers
142(7)
Words That Aren't in the Translation Dictionary
143(1)
Conflict Trouble
143(1)
Word Boundary Problems
144(1)
Misstrokes
145(2)
Correcting Misstrokes
147(1)
Drops
147(1)
Briefs
148(1)
Stacking
148(1)
12 Realtime Voice Writing 149(12)
Why Voice Writing?
150(1)
Voice Writing vs. Stenocaptioning
150(3)
Equipment
152(1)
Language Issues
152(1)
Lag Times
153(1)
The Training Process
153(3)
Training the Speaker
154(1)
Building Vocabulary
154(1)
Dealing with Homonyms
155(1)
Punctuation and Speaker Identification
156(1)
Speech Recognition Engines
156(1)
History of Voice Writing
157(4)
13 Offline and Nonlinear Captioning 161(14)
Linear vs. Nonlinear
161(2)
System Configurations
163(1)
VTR Control
164(1)
File Manipulation
164(5)
Importing Captions
164(5)
Capture with Timecodes
169(1)
Editing
169(3)
WYSIWYG Displays
169(1)
Caption Positioning
170(1)
Back Up and Play
170(1)
Block Cut and Paste
170(1)
Adjusting Caption Breaks
171(1)
Validation
172(3)
Spelling Checkers
172(1)
Timing Validation
172(1)
Reading Rate Validation
173(1)
Style Validation
173(2)
14 Caption Placement Strategies 175(8)
Placement Objectives
175(3)
Speaker Identification
176(1)
Covering Other Screen Information
177(1)
Indicating Repeated Text
178(1)
Dealing with Air-Time Graphics and Crawls
178(1)
Historical Considerations
179(1)
Nonbroadcast Options
180(3)
15 Caption Timing 183(16)
Timing Objectives
183(2)
Scene Changes
184(1)
Music
184(1)
Timecodes
185(2)
Dropframe Timecoding
185(1)
Timecode Readers
186(1)
Offsets and Simulated Timecodes
187(1)
Concerns at the Start
187(1)
Assigning Timecodes to Captions
188(8)
One-Pass Rough Timing
188(1)
Auto-Time Intervals
189(1)
Erase ("out") Times
189(1)
Timecode Tweaks
190(2)
Timecode Transformations
192(1)
Expand/Compress Times
193(1)
Standards Conversions
193(1)
Shot Change Detection
193(2)
Synchronizing to Speech
195(1)
Timing Multiple Caption Streams
196(1)
Asynchronous Data
197(2)
16 DTV Captioning 199(18)
Bandwidth
199(1)
DTVCC Caption Windows
200(6)
Unlocking Rows and Columns for Word Wrapping
202(1)
Justification vs. Anchor Points
203(1)
Text Print Direction and Scroll Direction
204(1)
Pop-On, Roll-Up, and New Effects
204(1)
Window Borders and Backgrounds
205(1)
DTVCC Colors
205(1)
Character Formatting in DTVCC
206(6)
Colors and Text Backgrounds
206(1)
Fonts and Styles
207(2)
Character Set
209(3)
DTVCC Layering Model
212(3)
Interpretation Layer
213(1)
Coding Layer
213(1)
Service Layer
213(1)
Packet Layer
214(1)
Transport Layer
214(1)
Legacy Captioning
215(2)
17 Captioning and Subtitling on DVDs 217(6)
DVD Subtitles
218(4)
Line 21 on a DVD
222(1)
Ripping and Fansubs
222(1)
18 Other Line 21 Data 223(36)
ITV Links
223(4)
Character Set
224(1)
URLs
224(1)
Attributes
224(1)
Checksums
225(2)
Sample ITV Links
227(1)
XDS Data
227(13)
Structure of an XDS Packet
227(2)
Representing Times in XDS Packets
229(1)
Representing Dates in XDS Packets
230(1)
Current and Future Packets
230(7)
Channel Packets
237(1)
Miscellaneous Packets
238(1)
Public Service Packets
239(1)
V-Chip
240(9)
USTV Ratings
242(2)
MPAA Ratings
244(1)
Canadian English Ratings
245(3)
Canadian French Ratings
248(1)
Content Filters
249(10)
A-Codes (Audio)
251(1)
V-Codes (Video)
251(1)
S-Codes (Sexual Content)
252(1)
Filter Code Attributes
253(6)
19 Captions in Internet Streaming and Computer Media 259(16)
A Historical Perspective
259(1)
Captions in Today's Media Players
260(3)
Enabling Caption Display
261(2)
Standards
263(1)
SAMI
263(4)
SMIL
267(3)
Software Tools
270(2)
Captioning Live Streaming Video
272(2)
Proprietary Streaming Systems
274(1)
20 Accessible Web Site Design 275(10)
Fundamentals of Accessibility
276(3)
Adapt to the User
276(2)
Enhance Your Links
278(1)
Images
279(1)
Video
280(1)
Audio
281(1)
Macromedia Flash
282(1)
Embedded Programming
283(1)
Is Attractive Layout Incompatible with Accessibility?
283(2)
21 Movie Theater Captioning 285(8)
Open Captions
285(1)
Dedicated Caption Signs
286(1)
Rear Window Captioning
286(3)
Bounce-Back System
289(1)
Personal Captioning Systems
289(4)
22 CART and Live Event Captioning 293(10)
CART Display Options
293(3)
CART Interaction
296(1)
CART vs. Sign Language
296(3)
Prelingually Deaf
297(1)
Postlingually Deaf
297(1)
Hard-of-Hearing
298(1)
What to Offer
298(1)
Relative Costs
299(1)
CART vs. Electronic Note Taking
299(1)
Live Event Captioning
300(3)
23 Audio Description for the Blind 303(6)
Guidelines for Producing Audio Description
304(1)
Audio Description Icons
305(1)
Legal Mandates
306(1)
Key Companies and Organizations
306(3)
24 Language Issues in Line 21 309(8)
Character Sets
309(8)
Afrikaans
314(1)
Danish
314(1)
Finnish
314(1)
French
314(1)
Gaelic
314(1)
German
315(1)
Irish
315(1)
Italian
315(1)
Portuguese
315(1)
Spanish
315(1)
Swedish
316(1)
Non-Latin Alphabets
316(1)
Appendix 1: Captioning Equipment Vendors 317(12)
Hardware Vendors
317(5)
Software Vendors
322(7)
Appendix 2: Captioning Service Providers 329(12)
United States
329(9)
Australia
338(1)
Canada
338(1)
Germany
339(1)
New Zealand
339(1)
Spain
339(1)
United Kingdom
340(1)
Venezuela
340(1)
Appendix 3: Captioning Resources Online 341(6)
General Closed Captioning Information
341(1)
Captioning Products and Services
341(1)
Broadcasting Associations and Standards Bodies
342(1)
Deafness
343(1)
Disabilities Rights and ADA
343(1)
Stenocaptioning and CART
344(1)
Voice Writing and Speech Recognition
344(1)
Related Government Sites
344(1)
Audio Description
345(2)
Appendix 4: Standards Documents 347(4)
Standards Organizations
347(2)
ANSI Standards
347(1)
ATSC Standards
347(1)
CEA/EIA Standards
348(1)
IEC Standards
348(1)
ISO Standards
348(1)
SMPTE Standards
349(1)
Global Engineering Documents
349(2)
Glossary 351(14)
Index 365

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